Startup Plan for Wedding Internet Business :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Startup Plan for Wedding Internet BusinessFrequent Shopper Programs vizor Programs, or Frequent Shoppers Programs (FSP) be increasing in supermarkets around the country. FSPs ar bringing more consumers into the grocery stores more often and studies show that these cardholders are more likely to unload than non card members. One study shows that over 80% of customers shop less than once a week in the same store. closely consumers have low customer loyalty, so retailers are looking for a way to reward them in order to get them to continually shop in their stores.Retailers are looking for a way to increase their profits by having repeat customers. Studies show that cardholders account for 75% of the stores sales. Main goals of using a FSP are to retain customers, have them visit frequently and spend more money. Targeted demographics for card programs consist of larger, upscale, educated families of three or more. Studies show that the top five reasons for a consumer to choo se a retail store are due to1). Convenient Location2.)Store Deals3.)Frequent Shopper Programs4.)Assortment of Merchadise5.)Store Cleanliness Consumers who have cards spend 4xs more each transaction than a non card member. The average non card holding consumer in the store spends $7 versus a card holder who spends $28 per transaction. By using frequent shopper programs, retailers give notice keep a database to segment their customers by their buying habits in order to better market themselves to the needs of their customers. Databases can help with marketing efforts geared at differentiating themselves from competitors by segmenting customers by how often they shop, how much they spend, and what their shopping patterns are. Grocery retailers are seeing benefits from these programs but there are some glitches to joining one. FSPs are expansive programs to initiate. The program costs anywhere from $15,000 to $20,000 a year. Retailers must consider whether their ready to ini tiate a program and monitor lizard the database in order to create a variety of marketing schemes to follow through on.

Vouchers and School Choice - The Use of School Vouchers :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Use of cultivate Vouchers There has been a lot of debate recently over the use of school vouchers. Voucher programs offer students attending both public and private schools tuition vouchers. It gives taxpayers the freedom to pick where their tax dollars go. In theory, good schools go away thrive with money and bad schools result lose students and close its doors. Most people feel that taking taxpayer money from public schools and using this money as vouchers for private schools is a violation of the constitution. Most private schools in America right now are run by religious organizations. There has been a lot of controversy over this issue mainly because of the importance of an education in a modern society. School choice initiatives are based on the premise that allowing parents to choose what schools their children attend is not only the right thing to do, but is also an important way for improving education. Instead of a one-size-fits-all model, School choice prog rams offer parents various options from which to pick the educational settings they believe will work best for their child. However, there is Supporters of school vouchers claim that it levels the educational playing matter for lower income families who would have the option to send their kids away from an ineffective poorly funded public schools. Some lower class families feel that their kids would have a fail chance with a tuition voucher to go to a private school where more money is spent on education. Many feel that vouchers would debase public schools, by taking away public money for smaller class sizes, teacher training and innovative curriculum. Also, many feel that vouchers would erode the back for public education. In Milwaukee, voucher schools say they do not give special services to students with disabilities. Most of the voucher schools refused to sign a letter that they will honor constitutional rights such as free speech and due process. The letter stat ed that the schools would not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, pregnancy, or marital status. Despite the controversy surrounding vouchers, the private school choice movement may be gaining support. In June of 1999, The Florida legislature approved a program to give children in the states worst schools taxpayer-funded tuition payments to attend qualified public, private, or religious schools.

Thurgood Marshalls Fight for Equality Essay -- essays research papers

It was Thurgood marshal who helped end legal segregation in the United States. He won Supreme Court victories creating transit for children, which proved that separate but equal, is not equal. Marshall was able to prove to the Supreme Court that separate but equal was not equal by using his legal expertise. Marshall was able to have a more direct influence on society and the way the government was treating blacks at the time. Thurgood Marshall also had the help of lawyer Kenneth Clark to solve the case of segregation. Kenneth Clark conducted an experiment with the color children at the train. To conduct the experiment, Clark had several baby dolls, some were white, and some were colored. Clark asked the children of the colored school a number of questions such as, ?Which one of the dolls is your favorite or, ?Which one of the dolls is ugly Of all the subjects questioned, 65% of the black children said that the white doll was the nice doll. The mass of the colored children rejecte d the black doll. This was obviously due to self-esteem issues. A little colored boy was forced to walk several miles home, the school had no money in their budget to pay for a bus for the black school. But, the white school had over 40 b occasions, which clearly proves that they were being discriminated against. Marshall started a petition and fought for equal rights. The principal of the school for the colored children had his job taken away from him and his house was burned down all because of segregation. The KKK started to threaten colored people. The KKK were doing everything in their power to make the black people feel inferior and to punish them for going against the whites. This event helped the case go to Supreme Court. It was pr... ...rked a turning wind in the history. The Supreme Court ruled against the Board of Education and Kenneth Clark. Marshall forced rights to be extended equally from colored school children to full-grown colored individuals. In conclusion the r oles of the NAACP and individuals such as Thurgood Marshall, Chief Justice Earl Warren, and Mr. Kelly made history and proved that separate but equal, is not equal. Marshall?s use of the courts led to rulings that judged the discrimination of colored children given equal rights to use a school bus. Clark?s experiment was powerful. It showed that segregation psychologically harmed the colored children. The NAACP worked very diligently on the case. But it was Marshall that was able to have poignant control on the public and the way the government was treating blacks at the time. Thurgood Marshall was truly an American revolutionary.

The Main Outcomes of the Industrial Revolution Essay -- Industrial Rev

The Main Outcomes of the Industrial whirlingThe Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on society. The major set up were socially and economically. It is rather difficult to date the start of the industrial revolution but history books of today suggest the onset during the 18th century.The change from agriculture to attention was vast and it must be remembered that England was the first off country to undergo this profound change. The initial effect on engineering industries arising at the start of the Industrial Revolution were due partly to the geographical location of the resources i.e. coal iron and water. The inventiveness of our ancestors in these as well as other industries such as textiles chemical substance electrical and transportation contributed greatly to the Industrial Revolution.The first two of these coal and iron provided the capital infrastructure and options for future development, whilst textiles supported and encouraged developments. Coal was primarily mine d by small groups even families, using the long wall system. * SEE DIA 1. This technique was changed dramatically with the invention of the Commen engine. * SEE DIA 2. (named by and by its inventor THOMAS NEWCOMMEN) This was a pump that pumped the water out of coalmines allowing deeper more productive mines to be worked by more people. This in turn had effects on the production of ironIn the early 1700s iron was produced by burning vast quantities of wood. The production techniques were crude. Technology had already provided machines like the newcommen engine this pumping device allowed ABRAHAM DARBY II to fill a mess aboutpond to power a water wheel for a blast furnace. This enabled the production of better quality pig iron. This technique provided the iron for the create of one of the major symbols of the industrial revolution the Ironbridge over the river seven. * SEE DIA 3.A water wheel also played a major part in one of the first inventions within the textile industry. RICHA RD ARKWRIGHT invented the water frame for spinning (1769) this device was used by local man JEDEDIAH STRUTT in a mill at Cromford. The changes within the textile industry from wool to cotton called for more and more mechanisation. The mechanisation of the industry also led the setting up of the first factories some of the first major mechanical devices were to be used in these factories. Such as JOH... ...820 employers organisations registered, they mainly dealt with lease bargaining and labour questioning in general. A forum was created for the exchange of technical ideas and development. Pressure groups encouraged favourable legislation.In todays industry, employers organisations fall into two categories1. Those concerned with the common pursuance of a particular trade or technology. The engineering employers federation in London co-ordinates the engineering employers association, this operates at local level and is largely concerned with wage bargaining and representing engine ering employers interests locally and nationally.2. General groups of employers, for example, the confederation of British industry, this balances the role of the TUC this also acts as a pressure group encouraging favourable political relation response to the requirements of British industry at home and abroad.There are also technical development associations, providing a forum for technical exchange, carrying out fundamental frequency research on behalf of their member companies, one of these being the copper development association (C.D.A.). and the motor industry research association (M.I.R.A.).

American Imperialism :: United States America Imperialist essays papers

America had definitely played its role in its imperialism. First of all imperialism is the cut back from peerless country doing to another. America has controlled a mountain of countries in its time. In this essay I will talk about the causes and effects that Americas imperialism played a role in. We have really controlled a lot of countries in our time but this essay will focus more on the nineteenth and 20th century. We play a pretty big influence in the world today as in status wise. A lot of countries respect us because of our integrity and greatness that we have achieved. Overall I will talk about how imperialism existed in the time of American in 19th and 20th century as well as explain the causes by this time and effects that resulted on our lives today.Imperialism is the policy or action by which one country controls another country or territory. Most such control is achieved by military means to gain economic and political advantages. Such a policy is also called expansi onism. An expansionist state that obtains overseas territories follows a policy usually called colonialism. An imperialist government may wish to gain new markets for its exports, confirming sources of inexpensive labor and raw materials. A far-flung empire may satisfy a nations desire for military advantage or recognition as a world power. Imperialism has definitely played its role in our lifetime as well as in the 19th century. First of all we attacked Iraq regarding a power issue. We believed they had some powerful items in which could be harmful to our nation so we decided to attack them to ensure our security. Another one is how we attacked Japan because they were suitable to powerful. We have done a lot to these countries just so we could have the security of keeping our power. Military reasons are also another reason for Imperialism.Since old-fashioned times, nations have absorbed territory near their borders toprotect themselves from foreign attack. This kind of territory could be used as kind of a cushion support. This counseling they have land around them to help them stay secure.In the late 1800s, many European powers had colonies throughout the world where their ships, both naval and merchant, could take on supplies. Imperialism can also be encouraged by patriotism, religion, and a sense of cultural and racial superiority. During the late 1800s, a strong feeling of nationalism move most European countries.

American Imperialism :: United States America Imperialist essays papers

America had definitely vie its role in its imperialism. First of all imperialism is the control from one country doing to another. America has controlled a jalopy of countries in its time. In this essay I will talk about the causes and effects that Americas imperialism played a role in. We keep back really controlled a lot of countries in our time but this essay will focus more on the 19th and 20th century. We play a pretty big influence in the world today as in status wise. A lot of countries respect us because of our integrity and broadness that we have achieved. Overall I will talk about how imperialism existed in the time of American in 19th and 20th century as swell up as explain the causes by this time and effects that resulted on our lives today.Imperialism is the policy or action by which one country controls another country or territory. Most such control is achieved by military means to gain economic and political advantages. Such a policy is also called expansionism. An expansionist nominate that obtains overseas territories follows a policy usually called colonialism. An imperialist government may wish to gain new markets for its exports, plus sources of inexpensive labor and raw materials. A far-flung empire may satisfy a nations desire for military advantage or recognition as a world power. Imperialism has definitely played its role in our lifetime as well as in the 19th century. First of all we attacked Iraq regarding a power issue. We believed they had some powerful items in which could be harmful to our nation so we decided to attack them to ensure our security. Another one is how we attacked Japan because they were becoming to powerful. We have done a lot to these countries just so we could have the security of keeping our power. Military reasons are also another reason for Imperialism.Since ancient times, nations have absorbed territory devout their borders toprotect themselves from foreign attack. This kind of territory could be used as kind of a cushion support. This way they have land around them to succor them stay secure.In the late 1800s, many European powers had colonies throughout the world where their ships, both naval and merchant, could take on supplies. Imperialism can also be back up by patriotism, religion, and a sense of cultural and racial superiority. During the late 1800s, a strong feeling of nationalism swept most European countries.

Corporation Responsibility and Ethics

Corporation can be explained as an association of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous subsistence self-employed person of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct form those of its members. The club may exist for the mapping of win or non profit oriented. By the early 18 century, corporations ar owned and authority by government authorities. At the late 18 century, the old economic policies and theories are eliminated with the work of Adam Smith and other economists.And the corporations are transformed from creation government affiliated entities to public and private economic entities. The master(prenominal) two persuasions behind this transformation was that a moving in corporation should not be without delay tied to any public policies, and the corporation is a by-product of the peoples right of association, not a gift from the state. However, with the given freedoms, they still exist within the legal sys tem and considered as legal person, who has chastely responsible for their actions. These morale responsibilities are classified as particularize and broader view.Narrow view primarily concerns for the gratify of shareholders, pact to other stakeholders are evaluated within the range of satisfied demand implied by shareholders. Whereas, broader view mainly concern for the stakeholders with all those affected by the corporations action, shareholders represent only one set of multiple responsibilities that are weighed in decisions. Though, the specified statements in a question corporations obligation to their stakeholders comes before its obligations to the rest of society were construed designately to cover only the shareholders interest.The main economist who supports the narrow view of corporative responsibilities was Milton Friedman. The Milton Friedman (1970) in an influential article argued that when corporate music director are consideration was given for sociable respon sibilities to influence their decisions, they are violating the obligations to the corporations owners. He believes that only employees of the corporations collect a state to meet in demand(p) requirements of its owners.The desired requirements are in most case to maximizing the wealth of the organization. He argues by saying if we wish we can refer to some of these responsibilities as amicable responsibilities. But in these respects he is acting as a principal not an agent he is spending his own capital or time or energy, not the money of his employers or the time and energy he has contracted to devote to their purposes. If these are tender responsibilities, they are the mixer responsibilities of the individual, not the business.Further Friedmans added the situation of the individual proprietor is somewhat different. If he acts to reduce the returns of his enterprise in order to exercise his social responsibility, he is spending his own money, not someone elses. If he wishe s to spend his money on such purposes that is his right and I cannot see that there is any protest for doing so. Friedmans interpretation towards corporative responsibilities are seems too narrow to accept and adopt in todays business environment.Business Corporations who stick with those narrow view become a challenge to sustain in a competitive market economy. In todays business environment, public expectations towards the business organizations are high and it becomes a basic requirement for the organization to fulfill those expectations to building positive corporative images and sustainable relation to achieving economic results. To justify my argument I have used narrow and broader view of corporative responsibility theories and some success stories.2. THE NARROW VIEW OF CORPORATIVE RESPONSIBILITYThe narrow view theorist believes that honoring commitments to shareholders is more important than responding to the demands of other stakeholders. Such theories includes pure secu rities industry ethics, libertarian marketplace or shareholder hypothesis, and social marketplace ethics. The theories and examples are explained as fol imprint2.1 PURE MARKETPLACE ETHICSPure marketplace ethics theory believes that there is no such way to generate money. If it is good in economically than it is good in ethically. When it comes to money there is no right and wrong, everything is ethical. The theory is egoist approach to produce profit, not considered social and environmental initiatives.2.2 LIBERTARIAN MARKETPLACE / SHAREHOLDER THEORYAdam Smith, Milton Fridman, and Friedrich Hayek, are the main economists who follow Libertarian marketplace theory or shareholders ethical theory. The theory projects whats good ethically is doing well economically within the law. The theory stands that organization made up for the motive of profit,social responsibilities can be handled by non-profit organizations in the area of concern or respective government authorities. Many econo mists have been criticizing Adam Smith and Milton Fridman argument on social responsibility.2.2 SOCIAL MARKETPLACE ETHICSShareholder theory and social marketplace ethics theory is very much similar. Unlike shareholder theory, it highlighted the social responsibility in some extent. However, their view in social responsibility as economic wealth that employee get, since the organization is effective to generate profit. They believe that individual employees work tricky to get maximum profit for the organization than employees do affect their social welfare. This theory to a fault criticized many economists by questioning what extent does society as a whole benefit when improving employees welfare. There is one interesting case Coca-Cola and Water Use in India as the implication of this narrow view.In March 2004, Coca-Cola company in Karala state in India was shut down because of call downers and community claim that high utilization of pee by Coca-Cola crates sever water shortage s and polluting the groundwater and soil, this could destroying farms by draining them out completely. There are many allegations against the Coca-Cola Company. Such as health effects, poor environmental consideration, monopolistic business practices, and questionable fatigue practices.3. THE BROADER VIEW OF CORPORATIVE RESPONSIBILITYThe broader view theories suggest that aggregated demands of stakeholders are more valuable than honoring commitments to shareholders. Such theories include shared jimmy theory, stakeholder theory, progressive corporate social responsibility, and sustainability theories. These theories are explained in detail as follow3.1 SHARED VALUE THEORYMichael Porter and Mark Kramer (2011) proposed Shared value theory, in his theory of corporative responsibility states that the purpose of any business entity is to pursue profits, to do that organization also requires to value social and environmental welfare. When organization pursues wealth its necessary to enga ge with the social and environmental. The core vales of this theory is respect for laws, regulations and commonly accepted codes foroperation, social and environmental welfare hold autonomous value independent of bottom line concern, provided are pursued only within the profit making operation, only insofar as they create profit.Such example of shared value includes hold tight, Nespresso combines a educate espresso machine with single-cup aluminum capsules containing ground coffees from around the world. The product offers quality, convenience and the environmental blight of mountains of spent aluminum pods. To get reliable supply of specialized coffees is highly challenging for the Nestle. The coffees are grown by small farmers in poor rural areas of Africa and Latin America, who are trapped in a cycle of low productivity, poor quality, and environmental degradation that limits production volume.To address these issues, Nestle redesigned procurement. It worked intensively with i ts growers, providing advice on faming practices, guaranteeing bank loans, and helping secure inputs such as plant stock, pesticides, and fertilizers. Nestle established local facilities to measure the quality of the coffee at the point of purchase, which allowed it to pay a premium for better beans directly to the growers and thus improve their incentives. great yield per hectare and higher production quality increased growers incomes, and the environmental impact of farms shrank.Meanwhile, Nestles reliable supply of good coffee grew significantly. Shared value was created. Nestle found a societal need-poverty in rural coffee producing areas and developed a two sided initiative, anti-poverty and improve coffee supply. This theory has some prejudicial and positive point of views, such as the theory accepts that the organization main intention should be increasing profit, and social responsibility implies when organization are profitable.3.2 sustainable THEORYJohn Elkington (1997) in his book of Cannibals with Forks Triple Bottom line of 21st Century Business. He described that corporative responsibility lies with the stakeholders rather than shareholders. This theory suggests businesses hold three rule obligations to produce sustainable results, which are social, environmental and economic fields. Each of the three values is pursued autonomously and businesses should tabulate and present results for each of the tree categories individually. Economic Sustainability the traditional accounting concept of profit was eliminated in sustainability theory. In a sustainable framework, the profit is considered as the maximum benefit enjoyed by the society as whole.Social sustainability Corporative responsibility lies to the fair and beneficial practice towards the labour and the community. The theory highlighted that no individual within the community will be neglected. Economics in a metropolitan area, a reality where all executives are hauling down millions a year ultimately becomes unsustainable when other workers can no longer afford to give way near the city and so arent available to do the supporting work necessary to keep the executives going.Humanity political unrest and violence may discontinue in regions or entire countries where a societys health concentrates in a narrow demographic. (The fair trade movement may be understood as expression or sustainability in both economic and human senses.) Environmental sustainability Environmental sustainability requires stewardship of our natural surroundings use balanced by preservation to enable continued use. A brewery dripping industrial waste into the soil fails the test of sustainability when the toxins infiltrate the water table and poison the groundwater the brewery needs to become its beer.3.3 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYArchie B. Carroll theory of Corporate Social accountability (CSR) highlighted four kinds of social responsibilities. Which are economic viability, compliance, do ing right be fair and support community welfare. These corporative responsibilities are considered as values. These four categories are explained as follow. Economic Responsibilities A narrow view theory suggests that business entities are created primarily for profit motives. CSR suggest business is considered as basic economic unit in the society where its role was to produce goods and services that consumer desired with the acceptable profit.The old idea of profit motive was changed into a notion of maximum profits. Legal Responsibility Corporative Social Responsibility theory suggests the business should operate under the legal framework. Ethical Responsibility Ethical Responsibilities represents ethical norms fairness and justice, ethical responsibilities embrace those activities and practices that are prohibited by societal members even though they are not codified into law. It also includes those standards, norms, or expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, emp loyees,shareholders, and the community regard as fair, justice or keeping with the respect or protection of stakeholders moral rights. Imperial Sugar Company can be a good example of CSR, the entire company was burn to ground, but the John Sheptor, CEO trenchant to maintained employees payroll through the reconstruction process.3.4 STAKEHOLDERS THEORYThe most vital contribution for the broader view of corporation obligation and their ethical responsibilities was highlighted in the Stakeholders theory. The theory suggests businesses are basically obligated to respect the rights and welfare of all those affected by its operations. The obligations are identical in kind, though they may very in degree. The key values of this theory are the welfare of all those individual and organizations affected by the business. (Cardinal stakeholders typically include shareholders, workers, customers, suppliers and community taken to incorporate broader humanistic and environmental concerns).The ma in responsibilities are stakeholders interests are acknowledged and respected when making decisions the interests are weighed alongside and according to the same logic as obligations traditionally associated with shareholders (profit) interests. As opposed to the idea that a business is first an economic entity that operates in society and so acquires broader responsibilities, the idea here is that a business is fundamentally a social and ethical operation, and economic activity is only one facet of its existence. The theory starts with a business and looking out into the world to see what obligations the organization exist, stakeholder theory starts in the world. it recognizes those individuals and groups who will be affected by or affect the companys actions and ask what are their legitimate claims on the business?What rights do they have with respect to the companys actions? What kind of responsibilities and obligations can they justifiably impose on the business? One of the most important and well known examples of stakeholders theory is embedded in the Mexican Constitution. When the indigenous people overthrew the Spaniards and claimed independence in the early 19th century, what they especially detested were the absentee landlords. The Spanish owned the farm lands, but lived in the cities, leaving locals to do the work.As a response to the indignation, the new constitution stipulated that those who work the land own it. Ownership andcontrol over land, in other words, is not guaranteed through time. Instead, it depends on the extent of ou personal interaction with the soil. Legal ownership would be like that essentially owned by those who are affected by it. (Note Contemporary reality has faced modification of the Mexican constitution. Still, in the provinces people are reluctant to rent properties for long terms because courts forth from the capital occasionally recognize the original, institutional stipulation.)4. CONCLUSIONMy argument is totally again st the statement of Corporations obligation to their stakeholders comes before its obligations to the rest of society. I fatiguet believe corporation obligation comes prior to their stakeholders, because the corporation is exists because of their stakeholders. Without stakeholders support it is difficult to keep up the business. Such example can be Indian Coca-Cola Company.

Strategic Position Review of Michael Hill Jewelers in New Zealand

Michael hillock Jewellers (MHJ) is one of the most recognizable names in the New Zealand retail jewelry manufacture. In 1979, Michael Hill opened his first store in Whangerei. Until then, jewellery stores had been run primarily by craftsmen jewellers. Michael Hill changed this with the philosophy to make jewellery buying less intimidating and more accessible to the public. In order for any(prenominal) companionship to succeed, it has to take a look at the environment in which it operates. This is why an external environmental analysis is so grand. This involves a continuous process of s sewerning, monitoring, forecasting, and assessing the external environment. Doing so will illuminate any opportunities to be exploited or threats to minimize. The first step in the analysis is environmental s bedning which is identifies any trends or changes which be occurring or have tardily occurred in the environment. Once identified, the company can then strategise and react in order to e xploit the phenomenon. Three useful tools in an environmental analysis are a PESTEL analysis, Porters Five Forces, and Strategic Grouping. Utilising these tools, an environmental scan of the jewellery industry will be performed. PESTEL AnalysisPoliticalMany of the raw materials for the jewellery industry can originate in countries that have political instability. Of the top five adamant producing countries, Canada is the most politically stable, with minimal probability of any mining disruption collectable to war. The other quadruple are a different situation. Russia is still in a state of internal turmoil regarding Chechnya and other breakaway nations, plot of ground Botswana, Angola and congou are all in a constant risk of war both from within and from neighbouring war-torn countries. A war in any of the in a higher place countries would cause a considerable loss in production and have a significant impact on the jewellery industry worldwide.EconomicThe entire jewellery indus try relies on commodities such as favourable, platinum and silver in order to manufacture their product. This can create a problem as the expenses of commodities can fluctuate drastically. For example, from 1982 to 2005 gold prices remained relatively stable. From 2005 to 2011 it nearly quadrupled in value. This price increase for the raw material willbe passed on to the consumer causing a price increase in the end product. Conversely, if the price of the commodity drops it would be expected that the price of the finished product would reflect this.SocialIn recent years, it has take more important to consumers to purchase products that have been developd ethically. In the jewellery industry, one of the most prominent ethical issues is the use of blood or conflict diamonds. These diamonds are mined and interchange by African rebel forces in order to finance their wars in Angola and Sierra Leone. There has been a certification system instituted that lets the consumer know the ori gin of the diamond that they are looking at purchasing. Consumers can now ask the jeweller to see the certificate of origin for their diamond. Jewellers must now be aware of this and hear that they buy scarce ethically obtained diamonds in order to fulfil this request.TechnologicalThe internet allows consumers to select and purchase any piece of jewellery they desire online. A outsize number of jewellers have online stores or use websites such as amazon.com and ebay.com to reach their customers. It is important for the jewellers to recognise that their clientele are no longer limited geographically and can easily find and in some cases import items that may non be readily available in that region.EnvironmentalBusinesses are approaching to become more aware of the impact that their own production processes have on the environment and are looking for ways to reduce this. The gold mined to produce jewellery is not always extracted with the most environmentally sound methods. Up to 15% of the worlds gold is produced using artisanal and small scale gold mining, the single largest demand sector for mercury. Virtually all of this mercury is dumped directly back into the environment causing havoc on the surrounding ecosystems. The jewellery industry needs to ensure that they purchase raw materials from scarce environmentally sustainable mining companies.Legal Due to the size of some of the companies in the jewellery industry along with the large sums of money and power that accompanies it, thither are strictantitrust laws in place. The Responsible Jewellery Council is an international organisation set up to bring off and protect the jewellery industry from various practices. This council has set up antitrust policies in order to protect its members. Industry Environment Analysis Porters Five ForcesPorters Five Forces model is used to evaluate the degree of rivalry between competitors in a given industry through assessing the four forces that lead to this outco me. These forces are the threat of smart entrants, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of buyers, and the threat of substitute products.Threat of New EntrantsIs the ease in which a novel company can start into the retail jewellery industry. It is not difficult to start a jewellery store as the only requirements are start up capital and a premises. There are many small sole trader jewellery shops in New Zealand to attest to this. because, the threat of new entrants is HIGH Bargaining Power of SuppliersIs the control that suppliers have over the pricing and distribution of their products across the jewellery industry. Once the wholesalers have sold their products to the retailers, the retailers can give away for any price they deem appropriate. There are many wholesalers in the industry, many based in Asia, giving the retailer alternative suppliers if the price is not right. Therefore the bargaining power of suppliers is LOW Bargaining Power of BuyersIs the pow er belonging to the customer to choose to shop at a store. As there are many jewellery stores to choose from, many of which seem to have sales on every week, the customer can decide not only to shop elsewhere, but even try to haggle for a discount. Therefore the bargaining power of buyers is HIGHThreat of SubstitutesIs the probability that a consumer will purchase something else. Since jewellery is a luxury item and not a necessity, consumers will choose to spend their income on many thing before jewellery even makes the list. Not only do necessities come first, but other luxury items may be higher on the list of things to purchase like golf clubs or bicycles. Therefore the threat of substitutes is HIGH Degree of RivalryIs the level of competition within the industry. Even though only three out of the four forces were identified as high, the retail jewellery industry is still extremely matched. The one anomaly was the power of suppliers and the only reason that was low is because t he suppliers operate in such a competitive state as well, giving more bargaining power to their customers, the retailers. Therefore the degree of rivalry is HIGH Strategic GroupingA competitor analysis compares a company against each direct competitor. It relies on four key areas for comparison. These are future objectives, current strategy, assumptions, and capabilities. By looking at these concepts a response can be formulated and the company can create a strategy. The closest competitor of Michael Hill is Pascoes. They have similar strategy with pricing and target merchandise. Walker and residence hall aims at a higher level with more designer items and craftsmen in store. Partridge Jewellers is a contrast to Michael Hill with only the best brands and handmade jewellery in their stores in only four select high end shopping districts in New Zealand.Conclusion finished a PESTEL analysis, an industry environmental analysis and a strategic grouping map, the retail jewellery industr y can be evaluated. The PESTEL analysis showed various trends that may have an effect on the industry while the industry environmental analysis showed that the competitive rivalry in the industry is quite high. The strategic grouping map illustrated that the company itself shares a target market with few other large companies but does not display the hundreds of other smaller independent firms that offer similar services.What has been learned in this assessment is that Michael Hill has cornered the jewellery retailing industry in New Zealand and has bucked the financial trend by being one of the companies on the NZX to make large gains during the recession. Through low prices, Friedman Group staff training, and a good understanding of their industry environment, they havebecome one of the leading retailers in New Zealand.

Englis Removalist Essay Essay

Engaging texts lead us to think about operative issues inwardly partnership. Discuss with reference to your prescribed test and of at least ONE other related text. Significant issues within society are effectively explored through engaging texts. The ii-act play The Removalists written by David Williamsons explores significant issues within society in Australia in the seventies. The significant issues discovered throughout The Removalists include convolute of origin and decadence. Similarly the em business officeing film Shawshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabount, also explores issues within society. Unlike David Williamsons The Removalists, Shawshank Redemption explores similar issues within society in America, in the 1940s. A significant issue within society is corruption. Corruption was conveyed throughout the play The Removalists. This is straightforward when Simmonds states We cant handle anything spoiled because on that point is only the two of us.We can handle anything small, but thus again its hardly worth the effort if its small. Even though Simmonds says this area is the geographical centre of crime, which portrays his contradicting statements. Since the sub-branch does not handle anything big or handle anything small, it indicates the corruption within the force. The extension Simmonds again reflects corruption throughout the play when he says I have never made and percolate in all my twenty three years in the force, Ross Simmonds uses irony as Simmonds mentioned that this city has the greatest crime rate, and Simmonds is yet to make an arrest in all his time in the force. Through the character Simmonds, corruption is effectively explored throughout The Removalists. In a similar fashion, the social issue of corruption is evident throughout the film Shawshank Redemption. Corruption was evident in the beginning of the movie as throughout Shawshank items were being traded through the currency of cigarettes.The fast-paced panning moti ons were used to army that the trading was misappropriated but still completed with all the prisoners and some guards. Another way corruption is evident throughout Shawshank Redemption is through the character Andy as he stimulates a large part of corruption throughout Shawshank. All I ask for is three beers a piece for each of my co-workers. Since Andy is doing illegal work for the police Andy asks in a polite tone for something in return for the work he has done. Corruption is also evident when Norton asks another bunko game would you be able to testify before the judge? Nortons asks him in a friendly tone and a low volume soNorton could let the inmate think he was his friend. The inmate told the truth, which led to the inmate being intentionally killed. This demonstrates in a similar fashion to The Removalists how the social issue of corruption is evident in Shawshank Redemption. The social issue of the abuse of power is evident throughout The Removalists.This is evident when Simmonds bends down and hoists Fionas shelve up a little and says take a close-up one on her thigh. Simmonds actions and words portray his abuse of power within the police force to pick on troubled Fiona. The alluring tone Simmondss used towards Ross to take a picture of Fionas thigh indicated his platform was to try and use his authority and power he has to seduce Fiona. The social issue of the abuse of power is again evident through the character Simmonds. When Simmonds arrests Kenny, Simmonds abuses his power by repeatedly punches Kenny. Simmonds uses force against Kenny when Kenny undermines him. Pity about Kate. Sergeant. You wouldve been in like Flynn Simmonds resorts to violence because he believes that he has the right to, because he doesnt follow the rulebook. tote the rule book up your arse. Through the character Simmonds the social issue of the abuse of power is evident in The Removalists. Similarly, the social issue of the abuse of power is evident throughout Shawshank Redemption. The abuse of power is evident through the warden, Norton. Nothing stops Nothing Or you will do the hardest time there is. No more protection from the guards The high modality and commanding tone Norton uses is to remind Andy that he is still the boss, and that Andy is under Nortons thumb. It also portrays the abuse of power as Norton who abuses his power as the warden in Shawshank by controlling Andy for his tax frauds.The issue of the abuse of power is again evident through Norton. Theres going to be a book barbeque at the back if you say anything. Norton threatens Andy to keep quiet or his six years of work in the prison to get the library will turn into ashes. Nortons commanding tone to a beaten up Andy was to further intimidate and threaten him. The two acts committed by Norton towards Norton displays the social issue of the abuse of power throughout Shawshank Redemption. Through engaging texts significant issues within society are explored effectively. The texts Th e Removalists and Shawshank Redemption effectively explore and reflect the significant issues within society.

Malawi Less Developed Countries Essay

Malawi is one of the worlds wretchedest countries, ranking 160th out of 182 countries on the world Development Index. Progress towards reaching the Millennium Development Goal of eradicating extreme p everywherety has been limited. According to the United Nations Development Programmes Human Development Report for 2009, about 74 per penny of the population still lives below the income poverty line of US$1.25 a day and 90 per penny below the US$2 a day threshold. The proportion of poor and ultra-poor is highest in rural areas of the southern and northern parts of the country.Country indicatorsGDP per capita bonny annual growth rate (%), 1990-2012 1.2 Underweight (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 12.8 Secondary school participation, net profit attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, male 9.7 Secondary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, female 10.4 GNI per capita 2012, US$ 320 Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) 74.77 Infant mortality rate 71 HDI( human development index) 0.388 tout ensemble these indicators show Malawi is a LDC according to the UN criteria for the identification of an LDC.Reason for the low levels of development in MalawiDespite the availability of better technologies, the productivity of most crops has not meliorate since the 1970s, largely as a result of declining soil fertility. Also contributing to the low yields are poor access to financial services and markets, unfavourable weather, pocket-size landholdings andnutrient-depleted soils, coupled with limited use of fertilizers. The use of improved varieties, together with fertilizers, better crop husbandry and irrigation, has the potential to greatly improve yields. Post-harvest losses are estimated to be around 40 per cent of production. The recurrence of shocks frustrates attempts to escape rural poverty. The most common shocks are weather-related, such as crop failures and increases in the price of food. indisposition or injury is also very com mon, as are shocks associated with death of family members, heightened by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which has affected 11.9 per cent of the population.Shocks often force households to take assets, thereby undermining their ability to engage in productive activities. As a result, poor households have to adopt costly coping strategies such as interchange assets, withdrawing children from school and reducing food consumption. Poor rural people in Malawi are unable to diversify out of agriculture and tend to remain underemployed for part of the year. More than a third of rural households earn their livelihood only from farming or fishing. An additional 25 per cent combine practise on their farm with other jobs, largely in agriculture. Other income sources tend to be limited to poorly paid agricultural labour. Few economic opportunities feature with the marked seasonality of rainfed agriculture leads to labour shortages during the critical phases of the cropping season, with underemploy ment for the rest of the year. Access to education, a major driver of relative wealth, is highly inequitable as well.Almost 30 per cent of poor children do not even start primary school, which is free in Malawi. Secondary and higher education is largely confined to non-poor households, in the main due to the required enrolment fees. Limited access to markets and services is another constraint. Poor rural people tend to live in remote areas with some roads and means of transport, which limits their economic opportunities. Access to financial services is severely restricted, especially for smallholder farmers. Only 12 per cent of households have access to credit. What is being make to tackle Malawis problems?In May 2002, the Government launched the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy (MPRS), with the goal of achieving sustainable poverty reduction through empowerment of the poor over a three-year period. The MPRS achieved a modest decline in poverty levels while real gross house serv ant product (GDP)growth averaged only 1.5 per cent per annum. In 2005, the MPRS was reformulated as the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS), which remains the overarching policy framework for social and economic development. Under the MGDS, real GDP growth for 2006-09 averaged 8.4 per cent and is expected to continue to be strong, helped by increased revenue from mining. While growth was somewhat lower during 2009-10, it seems that Malawi will weather the global financial crisis. The pecuniary deficit has been brought down, and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative has greatly reduced the burden of debt service. Notwithstanding good recent surgical process, the ability to view as a level of economic growth to ensure poverty reduction remains limited bythe narrow economic basethe small domestic marketpoor infrastructure/high transport costserratic power supply and heavy reliance on energy importsthe presence of the sound out in the busi ness sectorGovernment intervention in key marketsand weak management capacity in the public and private sectors.Agriculture provides over 80 per cent of exports and contributes some 34 per cent to GDP services make up 46 per cent of GDP and industry 20 per cent. The performance of agriculture is therefore critical for the economy. Average growth in the sector is highly dependent on climatic factors, and reached nearly 7 per cent during the mid-nineties and 9 per cent between 2002 and 2006, with a drop to -9 per cent in the 2005 drought. Growth has subsequently recovered with improved seasonal conditions, boosted by the Farm stimulant drug Subsidy Programme. The Farm Input Subsidy Programme was launched in 2005-06 to increase agricultural production and ensure food security, by providing government-subsidized agricultural inputs to smallholding farmers.The scheme has coincided with a significant jump in maize production, although it is unclear how much of this is attributable to the subsidy and how much to improved seasonal conditions. The subsidy programme is now a firmly established pillar of agricultural policy. However, it presents a number of policy dilemmasthe cost of the programme is so high that mostother initiatives have to be sidelined, including the extension and research services needed to ensure optimal use of the inputsthe programme has tended to displace commercial input purchases by farmers and the distribution of inputs has tended to favour the to a greater extent food-secure households.

Impacts of Media Technology on Teenagers Essay

Today we be living in a revolutionary conception and within seconds, several bombardments of new inventions are deceaseing around the globe, media technology being one of them. Media technology has changed our lives giving us the freedom to perform activities from the nurture of our homes. For example, it has made communication easier and quicker, a document now takes a few seconds to reach anywhere in the world compared to regular mail which takes several long time with the involvement of several individuals to reach its destination. If we look at our daily life, we erect see a reflection of technology everywhere in our lives, such as TV, telephones, computers, cell phones, PDA, text messages, email, internet, online banking, booking a vacation, GPS, online shopping, online education, online liberalities, online books, online gaming and much more. By the end of 20th century we foundation observe that media technology and its effects are as powerful as it were never before.The invention of the cell phone, appearance of computers, laptops, and internet communication has become a vital link in communication with others. It has become inseparable part of our life and it is everywhere and it is impossible to escape them. Teenagers all over the world are growing up in a world, where the Internet, cell phones, text messaging and other technology dominates the communication and it is an integral part of everyday life. engine room has changed rapidly it is hard to predict what will happen in the next six months. If we ask a question whether media technology is good or bad, I believe there is no answer to this question.Technology is a double edge sword it can be used for good purposes or for bad purposes. The evolving technology has a strong impact on individuals life and especially teenagers as they are vulnerable to change. Research shows that teens tend to be more impulsive than adults, and they may not forecast as clearly as adults about the consequences o f what they do, (-Jessica Rich, Federal Trade Commission). (Read more) The study of media in young peoples lives today is primarily a story of technology facilitating increased consumption. We created this intercommunicate to promote awareness to most common media technologies that have influenced teenagers lives today i.e. Internet, TV, Cell Phones, Gaming, Music and Print Media. Posted by Danielle, dirty dog and Khalid. 1 comment Links to this post Labels Impacts of Media Technology on TeenagersInternet and TeenagersThe Internet is a part of todays culture that many teenagers cannot steady imagine what the world was same before the Internet existed. The Internet is fun, informative and a great source of communication with others. Its an educational tool and users can learn about almost anything. Sharing information through Internet is easy, cheap and fast. Teenagers have access to billions of websites containing information in the form of text, pictures and videos.The interne t like other technology has positives and negatives effects on teenagers. Teenagers have access to pornography, obscenities, and ways to make drugs, bombs or even participate in online sexual practices. Teenagers can besides become heavily addicted to the internet, which can often lead them into depression, with little or no face-to face time with others. There are also issues with teenagers hacking into enlighten databases, banks, government websites, friends or strangers computers. If your teenagers are spending too much time on the internet, they are at risk of getting involved with one of these activities. Our blog will discuss pros and cons of internet usage among teenagers.Online EducationOnline education does have an impact on the lives of students online learning can contribute to a gain in self-discipline. Educational goals can be reached by getting an online education. Students become more computer savvy from continuously using technology to do research, type assignments , and use specific software to complete projects. Some online programs even offer fast-track programs that allow prospective graduates to complete degree programs faster. (Read more)Currently, most high tutor students in North America have access to the internet in their classroom setting. Student can get extra helps through online learning environments (OLE) provided by schools. OLE provides students quick and easy access to course resources and material. Most OLE environments are virtually available from any location that has a computer and internet. The OLE resources usually include online books, lectures, teacher help, peer-to-peer support, technology support, multimedia activities, instant updates, self-testing applications, comprehensive reviews and much more Students that have fallen behind can take extra help online to achieve their needed credits.Internet a Job Search ToolThe internet is an excellent online job search tool for teenagers to find a job. Teenagers can search divergent types of jobs through various job search engines i.e. Craigslist, Monster, Workopolis and Job Bank. These search engines can teach you to fill out an application, create a resume and prepare for an interview. You can apply for the required job through Internet, which is more direct and easy. Jobs can help teenagers feel more confident and independent which can help teenagers research potential career paths.

Research Paper Topics Essay

It is confusing on, only if this is often even an issue in America today. permits see the topic. The first thing is illegal. Ineligible is all you have to be compelled to need to frame your mind on the issue These raft squ ar measure breaking the law. They sneak into this country illicitly and live here, most of them committing various crimes in addition, and take jobs and housing from the national folks that oeuvre and provide for themselves and their families argument.however if they will work blue-collar jobs and do labor, Im positive they will muster the strength to elevate hands to carry out citizenship applications and devour a book to be told English and yank hi reputation. Anyone United Nations agency is throughout this country illicitly, unless they are unfinished citizenship approval, have to be compelled to be straightaway deported, no queries. If it is nice, people is not an issue, some may okay be, but they are BREAKING THE LAW.Recently there was a story among the n ews some lycee kid in town, Arizona United Nations agency went into school. He was a freshman, and had been management back at one time or twice. once his family was referred to as in to the Principals geographic point to dialogue the case it completely was discovered that they were here illicitly, and had been for 6 years. Immigration was referred to as and jointly the family was deported. Good. But, presently weve migrant rights activists protestant regarding but it wasnt honest to the rest of the family.square measure you kidding me? I mean, come on. OK, sure, the fogeys werent those caught with associate unsuitable drug, but they were living here illicitly for 6 YEARS On-top-of-which, its not like pot is also a drug thats alone ineligible in town, its a FEDERAL LAW One migrant rights activist (I place rights in quotations as a results of i dont understand but one can have the rights of associate yank if they are not one) expose the sickly, stupid argument of fogeys werent, ha ve to be compelled to the fogeys are still left?Entirely altogether totally different situation, but, YES I see where this half-wit is strolling back from though, but still, he forgets that just because theyd not be breaking the pot law, they are still breaking the immigration one last, ineligible immigrants square measure criminals. they have to be compelled to be do by intrinsically. its wisdom, people.

The ARES Decision

The Areas plan idea aroused with the purpose to solve prohibition era current problems. These problems include a significant amount of resource waste and lack of coordination among departments. For pattern, dispatchers who were responsible for 20-30 bowed stringed instruments in their depute territory most of the times were able to only rivet on 5-7 trains, treating the rest of the trains with less attention. In addition, dispatchers were on their own and in that respect was no cooperation among them since they could only see randomness about their territory and not others.For dispatchers, there was no way to see the strong stricture of the current situation, so poor decisions about scheduled maintenance-of-way (MOW) crews were being made. Communications with trains and MOW vehicles was poor, current information about force trading operations were difficult to obtain and sometimes the information was erroneous. Certainly, ARES leave alone improve operations in drive out but the top focussing specifically the CEO of BAN and top management is not completely convinced to carry out the project. ARES is a very large and costly project and they need to be sure that the benefits are realistic.Moreover, they want to make sure that BAN will obtain a return after(prenominal) investing $350 lions on the project and also there is the question on whether the investing could turn out to be much. Another issue is related with the organizational structure check with the chief operating officer the new technology alone will not benefit the attach to but the restructuring of the entire company and many operations as well (Cash, p. 25). For all those reasons they want to consider other cheaper alternatives before making this important decision.Industry Competitive Analysis -? Porters Five forces Treat of new Entrants abandoned that the railroad industry requires a heavy initial investment the treat of new entrants is low. However, make of deregulation on both the hauling and railroad industries were ever-changing the war-ridden milieu in transportation (Cash, p. 62). Trucking companies needed a lower initial investment to enter and they Were gaining advantage Over railroad companies since they were providing door-to-door delivery service which was being preferred by customers in club to meet the just-in-time production.Treat of Substitutes products For BAN its largest source of revenue was coal (Cash, p. 62), and its major competitor was the brotherhood Pacific UP), which was another railroad company that had recently invested in a new technology. Heehaw commodities like coal and grain would normally be transported by train which put BAN in a position where it was difficult for customer to switch but when it comes to transport light-colored products trucks were moving ahead by providing meteoric service that customers were willing to pay.Bargaining power of Buyers The railroad industry had a few companies providing the service t o the customers, but it was facing two major challenges which were better service and capital letter intensity (Cash, p. 68). This was making the trucking industry stronger since customers were looking for a faster service and they were able to provide it. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Farmers and other big corporations were Bans suppliers. For suppliers providing light products like agricultural and food products they had the alternative to switch to the trucking companies, but for the ones providing yeah. Products like coal and automotive products they didnt have to much bargaining power since railroad companies were the best way for transporting these. Industry Rivalry The number one competitor is the Union Pacific (LCP) and they were also investing to be more than effective (Cash, p. 4). Certainly, the trucking industry was becoming a strong competitor for BAN as well, since the costs in the trucking industry were going down due to the effects of deregulation and they were pro viding more flexibility for customers.Generic Strategy BAN currently is following the cost leadership strategy by using economies of scale to transport heights volumes of commodities to its customers. Coal was the number one source of revenue and BAN had long term contract customers (Cash, p. 4). The second largest source of revenue was agricultural modesties and BAN was expecting to conjure up in this segment given recent changes in economic policies in Eastern Europe.To satisfy the expected increase in demand for this type of products BAN will need to become even more efficient to keep its cost leadership strategy, maintain its current customers and gain potential new customers in the future. Organizational Structure Burlington Northern is structured in a functional form, where similar k in a flashledge, tasks and skills are being grouped together. This is because the functional form promotes economies of scale (Cash, p. 35). For instance chapters are in charge of controlled the trains and each of them were assigned to a region and they Were only responsible for that region.They also schedule maintenance with the MOW crews. Other operations were divided by function as well, such as control systems and communications, maintenance, and freight car management and each of these departments were reporting to the operations manager assigned to that department. The idea behind this form is to create a rational system to operate in as efficient as possible (Morgan, p. 22). However, the question was whether after implementing ARES this form would still be suitable the new system might suggest an organizational structural change.Stakeh honest-to-goodnessers Top management This group has the responsibility of belongings the company running, which means that the BAN must continue making profit in order to maximize the companys value. F-or this reason they have to make sure that an investment of this magnitude is justifiable and that in the long run will provide the i dentified benefits. Employees This group will be attained directly by the ARES project, the whole business process is going to change and they ill have to adapt to the new system.The advantage is that this new system promise to be more efficient and safe which can make their jobs easier but on the other hand some people might lose their job or since ARES is supposed to modify a lot of processes currently being made by them. Customers ARES is going to improve the scheduling of trains which ultimately will provide a faster and more reliable service to its customers. However, in order to still be profitable after ARES implementation, BAN might increase the price for the service and customers which will affect customers.Solutions One solution for BAN could be to implement the entire ARES system in a geographic region first. With this solution the top management could psychoanalyze the benefits in reality before doing a whole implementation of the system which is riskier. Another solu tion could be to not do any implementation for now and wait and see how other railroad companies adapt to new emerging technologies, by doing this BAN would take an adapter position which would still keep them competitive regarding technological development but with less risk.Adaptive companies use information technology at a level close to their competitors (Friedman, p. 72). But this solution affects the customers that are demanding faster delivery necessary for the recent trend of KIT manufacturing who might end up switching to trucking companies, which ultimately affects BAN because by the time they finally implement a system to improve the delivery to customers, they will have lost a lot of potential customers. The best solution and recommendation for BAN is to do a whole implementation of ARES despite its high cost.Without a question, the environment is changing and BAN must adapt and stop using old technology if they want to continue being in business. BAN is a very large co mpany that eels with complex business processes everyday thus in order for them to survive and keep increment they should be aggressive and be the leader in the industry having the most advanced technology. ARES will automate a lot of processes in a more efficient Way minimizing human errors which ultimately will reduce labor cost by eliminating unnecessary manpower.ARES will also improve the scheduling of trains which will eradicate the meet and passes problem one of Bans biggest challenge. Clearly, the poor utilization of Bans assets (bad scheduling and waste of resources) is creating bottlenecks which s preventing them from making more profit and meet the market demand. One important message revealed in the book The Goal is that companies should balance the flow with the demand from the market (Goldwater, p. 139). The demand is growing national and is expected to grow more even in the international arena in the future.ARES will optimize the whole system of BAN which in the long run will generate high revenues because they will be able to meet the market demand. However, the implementation Of ARES will affect the entire company and operations and many organization changes will be required. Companies in order to survive must embrace change and successful adaptation of organization to environment depends on the ability of top management to interpret conditions facing the firm in an appropriate manner to adapt relevant course of action. Morgan, p. 47). In order to take advantage of all ARES features and benefits BAN they should also switch to use a matrix organizational structure. The fully developed matrix is team driven, in that priority is given to business, program, product, or project areas, with functional specialist providing support, where the focus is on end product or revere encouraging a flexible, innovative, and adjustive behavior (Morgan, p. 51 Matrix organizational structure is the best choice for a growing and complex company like BAN.

English Oral – Shark Cullings

Shark Culling Each year in Australia, the tour of deaths from chisel attacks ranges between zero to three deaths. To put this into perspective, more people around the world are killed as a result of f all(prenominal)ing coconuts or vending machines. Following a small rise in the number of shark attacks In Western Australia over the past two years, the Western Australian Government has legalized the culling of all sharks over three meters long caught on baited drum lines, In an attempt to reduce the risk of fateful shark attacks.The decision has sparked mixed reactions from the public, with a scarce amount purporting the Governments decision. Those who agree retrieve that the culling will crystallize swimming at the beach a safer, more relaxing experience. On the other hand, those who disagree advocate that the Government has made a quick decision without doing their research. They say that we will never completely hold on shark attacks and there are other ways to prevent shark attacks without going on a cleaning spree. The first image presents a rather horrifying image of a murdered shark covered in blood, with its jaws open showing all of its teeth.A patch is kneeling down beside the shark with one arm appearing to be resting on the shark. The shark is a lot humongousger than the man in the photo, this is magnified even more by the man kneeling down. The photographer is positioning the spectator to see the shark as a big, scary monster, and the man to be a hero for killing it As though killing a shark is something to be proud of. The second photo presents a beautiful scene of healthy green beach shrubbery, with the sand, beach and waves in the background as the pee is populated by numerous surfers enjoying the morning waves.Hard to Ignore, however, is the example bulls eye In the foreground of the Image warning beach-goers of a shark sighting. It could be said that these surfers are Just plain stupid, just now it could also be said that they kn ow how small the risk of being attacked by a shark Is, especially when In a group of surfers close to shore. The mall figure In the photo Is the warning sign. It draws viewers upkeep to the risk that the surfers are taking and the viewers focal point shifts from the sign to the surfers In confusion. The photographer has positioned the warning sign to be the largest, most obvious WARNING to all people non to enter the water.However, by the photographer capturing the surfers in the background, viewers are bled to see that the surfers have looked past the apparently big warning and that the surfers dont see the sharks as big scary monsters to be afraid of. The photographer made the sharks appear to be a minor get along as opposed to an issue that makes the public so fearful of sharks that theyre too afraid to enter the water. The ordinal image is perhaps the most powerful image. It presents a photo of a human swimming or diving deep in the ocean, right next to a big shark. The shar k looks big, but non in a scary way In quite a majestic and beautiful way.The photographer is positioning viewers to see that the shark is a beautiful creature f the ocean that center no harm to humans. The photographer has captured the blue ocean water in the photo which makes people feel calm and relaxed. This allows viewers to see the diver as relaxed and at ease, and also to see the shark as gentle and calm. In this image viewers are able to see how large the shark is in comparison to the human. Usually people are scared of things larger and greater in size than them, but in this case the person doesnt appear to be scared of the shark. Cant see teeth. Texture is smooth and not rough and scary. Calming.Majestic Light glow of the light shining through the water which is beautiful and pretty. CONCLUSION Photographers potty manipulate viewers to perceive a particular issue in either a minus or positive way. Quite often when pictures are used with articles or stories, the pictu re supports the story or article by the tone in the writing and agrees with what is stated. The shark culling topic has many different opinions, either negative, positive or neutral. The photos or images that accompany articles in the newspapers or magazines help to support what the writer is apothegm by providing the viewers with a biased approach to the issue.

I’M Not Her by Janet Gurtler Isu with Summary

Im Not Her by Janet Gurtler Written by Jordyn Leavens The romance that I am reading is Im Not Her by Janet Gurtler. It is about the struggles a puppy the like girl, named Tess, goes through when she finds out that her baby, Kristina, was diagnosed with cancer. Tess has always been looking up to her older sister, because her sister was always the center of the crowd, sporty, picturesque one and Tess was always the smart, un-popular one. It was always laboured on Tess, so when her sister was diagnosed with cancer, she felt as if she could at long last be known.All of Kristinas friends started befriending Tess, now that her sister wasnt at school. Although Tess loved the popularity, she did have a forget me drug of trouble too. Not a lot of people were asking how Tess was doing about the whole cancer power but there was one person who was always there for her. His name was Clark. After talking days upon days with him, Tess began to want to be more then friends with him. But Tess withal knew that she had to be there for her sister and didnt have time to have a serious love life at that sharpen in time.Then Tess met a boy from school named Jeremy. Jeremy has a little crush on Kristina, but is also now good friends with Tess. Tess was wondering why he would always talk about Kristina, and then he finally informed her that he always hangs out with her at the hospital when he is visiting his mother, who also has cancer. My initial response once I read the first third of the defy was that I am really going to enjoy it. I thought that because it has a actually fortified plot which makes it very interesting for me to read.I like how the author gets right to the point, but still makes you think about what is going on in the novel. Another thing that made me think it will be a good book is that it is very realistic so I can relate to whats happening and really get a line the things going on. A few things that I really like about this novel that I really like ar that the author writes with a lot of meaning and it makes you feel whats going on much better, the characters have a lot of personality and there is a lot happening.One thing I didnt really like about the book is that you kind of get lost with all of the friends of Kristinas talking to Tess all of the time. Another thing I dislike about the novel is that its beating literary devices, which makes it a second gear easy to read. Although some parts of this novel are a bit confusing or arent the best, it is still a really good book so far and Im really enjoying it. I really like all of the characters in this book because they are all so different and they all have their own personality.If I had to choose one that I liked best, I would have to say Kristina is my favourite. I like her the best because she is a very strong teenager. It must be very difficult to go through everything shes been through, and Im veritable there is still a lot more things that she will end up going throug h. If she didnt have Tess as a sister, there to support and comfort her, Im sure she would be in a very different place, because her parents arent being too supportive, knowing that she is having a hard time with this all.In conclusion, I think this is a really well written book and I am super excited to continue reading the rest of the book. It never gets boring and always has something going on. I feel like I cant put the book down when Im reading because at the end of almost every chapter, the author would leave you with a cliffhanger, which I like a lot. So far, this is a great book and I would recommend to anyone to read it.

Essay on Assisted Suicide

The Ongoing Historical Debate Of Euthanasia The word mercy k funnying originates from two Greek words, meaning good death. In the most natural arouse, euthanasia defines a death positively sought after for mankind, in the human action of dying and ultimately death. Unfortunately, the term historically and on-goingly leads to debate and manipulation to insinuate a criminal act. World civilizations must remember the crimes of the past, and solicitude mislay power as currently occurring in Darfur, however, the horror of ge noneide does not belong in the euthanasia debate.The arguments originate from cultural, religious and social values and dictate as well as throw in with the ability to experience a good death. For decades, the world has been experiencing a battle between the advocates and opp starnts of legalizing euthanasia. while the Euthanasia Act released November 2011 by the Royal Dutch Medical Association outlined newfound guidelines, thither ar histories and past case s that need to be studied to fully down the stairsstand possible implications.The legalization of help suicide has increased debate regarding a slippery side of meat effect due to a disruptive history and the mistaken dogma that it w light-headed lead to involuntary euthanasia. Historically, the ongoing controversy regarding the slippery slope effect and its pertinence to those who are curable, have surrounded euthanasia placing the experience of dying with dignity, for the lastly ill in jeopardy. An article titled, The Unleashing of the Destruction of Life Devoid of Value, categorizes slew who are to be eliminated.The bear create verbally by two Germans in 1920, Carl Binding, a doctor of jurisprudence and philosophy, and Alfred Hoche, a medical doctor, labeled heavy people as incurable idiots, mere caricatures of true(p) men whose death create no vacuum. The book and its contentions are later exemplified, by both the defense and offense, as the origin for condoning the genocidal Holocaust of national socialist Germany in the late 1940s. Consequently, Nazi Germany proclaimed that the origins of humane euthanasia began prior to Nazi terrorism.Advancements in knowledge and unmitigated guidelines have increased since the early(a) 1900s therefore history will not repeat itself, and the veritable use of euthanasia can be realized devoid of a slippery slope effect. knavish Slope arguments have been on the forefront in the euthanasia decriminalization debate since the 1930s. In the 1930s, a prophesized slippery slope included the potential for a lack of medical advances to discover a heal for incurable diseases. The medical doctor pledges the Hippocratic Oath to protect and prolong feel, but also to hush up scummy. smooth slope controversies are based on the supposition that despite the fact the law mandates restrictions, parameters will be blurred based upon human nature. The concerns should be navigated and acknowledged, but not dictate the fe ar of change. Controversies surround the act of dying. Currently, medical development in technology has been increasingly successful in the treatment to prolong life and perpetually relieve injure. The question arises concerning the patients rights in making life-sustaining decisions.Public support of easy euthanasia for the terminally ill has increased dramatically. A survey conducted by Blendon and colleagues illustrated that 34 percent in 1950 were in favor, 53 percent in 1973 and 63 percent in 1991. The present-day(a) issue of help suicide exposes deep historical roots by Plato, Aristotle and Pythagoras. The philosophers maintained favor of merciful death, yet condemned tally and suicide. While Plato, Aristotle and Pythagoras historically acknowledged support of euthanasia in the advent of a perturbful terminal disease, all condemned suicide for other reasons.A branch of Ancient Greece, the Stoics and Roman Philosophy, also accepted euthanasia when pain from a terminal ill ness became intolerable. However, the initial dominate of Christianity in the Roman Empire dramatically adapted these views and judged euthanasia intolerable, based upon the Sixth Commandment of, Thou shalt not kill. Saint Augustines religious belief dictated that the suffering of an individual as pre- ordained by God and to deny that augur power as an unpardonable sin.The Renaissance period, following the fourteenth century, experienced a softening of belief, the Catholic saint, Sir Thomas More, advocated voluntary euthanasia for the terminally ill. He published, in Utopia, during 1516 that euthanasia as defined for the terminally ill would be a reality in an ideal society. Up until the end of the 1800s and during the early 1900s, medical students considered the discussion of euthanasia as a viable option for painful, terminal illness. Not until the advent and repercussions of Nazi Germany, Hitler and the Holocaust did the discussions concerning pro-euthanasia cease.The comfort of the term euthanasia and its intent became an evil crime of horror. The Holocaust claimed 6 meg Jews and 3 million gypsies, under the err nonpareilous premise of ethnic cleansing, forever altering the definition and intent of euthanasia. This act does not define euthanasia, it defines murder, yet has become a strong premise in the contemporary debate against humane euthanasia. The evil of Nazi Germany will not be forgotten and the fear of misplaced power should remain, however, it does not have a rightful position in the arguments concerning euthanasia for the terminally ill.The current contemporary issue regarding the Darfur Genocide profoundly illustrates misplaced power and genocide, not euthanasia. Tremendous medical and expert improvements during the late 1950s made it possible to sustain life in terminally ill patients and those in vegetative states for extended periods of time. These medical advancements brought quality-of-life issues to the forefront. The Patients Bill o f skilfuls written in 1973 by the American Hospital Association grants the patient the right to reject medicine with in pass watered consent.The United States Constitution also awards citizens the right of freedom of choice, and being in rig of ones life. Oregon became the first state to legalize help suicide through the goal with Dignity Act in 1998 and since then 460 people have died via this option. Washington passed the terminal with Dignity Act in 2008 with 57. 91 percent approval under the voter initiative I-1000. As of March 4, 2010, 36 people have self-administered the lethal medication via physicians prescription in Washington State. There have been 63 prescriptions filled, but some opted not to exercise this option, dying via their terminal illness.As of 2012 the only other state to legalize euthanasia for the terminally ill is Montana. The greatest misunderstanding relating to the Death with Dignity Act comes from a common misuse of the term assisted suicide. The po wer of language and the use of the word suicide exemplify a scare tactic utilize by those opposed to the law. Suicide identifies a desperate act and generally executed in secrecy. The connotations that are created in religion and moral values regarding suicide are not present. Suicide intentionally ends ones own life, ending an open-ended life span.Death with dignity enables a choice to shorten an inescapable, be and painful death of a person who desperately wants to brave, but that option does not exist. The choice allows control and dignity in the process of dying. The Act provides a sense of peace, enables communication with healthcare professionals and loved ones though there still will be sadness it can permit a celebration of ones life. To support and legally allow a terminally ill person the option to discern the timing for the end of their life illustrates an act of humanity.The pain inherent in the terminally ill is meaningless, unfailing and doomed to dramatically inc rease. A valid measurement does not exist to determine the degree of pain experienced by an individual. Medications relieve a limited amount of the pain, however, medications have proven grossly short in certain cases. A man suffering from prostate cancer said, The medication puts me to sleep. As curtly as I wake up theres pain. If I cant live free of the pain, Im not living at all, simply existing. Another patient suffering from pancreatic cancer stated, I would never have believed that there could be such pain.I am a different person. Its like having a new set of neurons implanted in my brain, each one producing as much pain as it can. And here I am enjoying the best of American medicine. I am ready to go now. Indisputably, there are increased advances in studies and medicine however, there reaches a signalize when the excessive pain becomes unbearable for the patient. Currently, the contemporary debate slip aways in the United States, especially amongst religious entities strongly opposing the Death with Dignity Act in Oregon and Washington states.Many religious traditions remain secretive to ancient teachings and beliefs concerning the physical side of life and death. Modern technology and science have discovered new insights and helped some leaders of faith to reconsider. Terminal illness and disease are no longer as large a mystery. Barbara Coombs Lee, President of Compassion Choices, a group for the advocacy of aid in dying, has fought against the Catholic Church and their staunch undermining of The Death With Dignity Act.The Catholic Church instigated a movement, To Live Each mean solar day with Dignity this movements intent aggressively increases the assault on end-of-life choices. For many Catholics, the Popes directive mandates the final word, a word that directs a judgment without introspection and self thought. Evangelical, Mormon, Protestant and unaffiliated religions also have profiles that dictate their vote. Religious proponents of T he Death with Dignity Act religious proponents believe righteousness does not exist in allowing a terminally ill person to experience needless suffering.The upcoming of legalized euthanasia will be dependent upon the guidelines, boundaries and law in place to prevent the abuse of euthanasia and honoring it, as was originally intended, a good death. Euthanasia in its true form negates a criminal act as believed by certain cultural, social and religious entities. However, Scott Robinson states in, To Go Among the Saracens, barely the human situation is characterized, above all, by forgetfulness, or heedlessness. Historically, the criminal acts regarded, as euthanasia during Hitlers reign must be remembered.The slippery slope effect concerning involuntary euthanasia exists as a misguided dogma in the historical debate of legalizing assisted suicide. Consequently, an ongoing political battle will continue throughout the world concerning the contemporary issue of euthanasia. Scientif ically, thorough research and philosophical analysis will progress, thence adding to the political dimension and enhancing a deeper understanding of the issue. Bibliography Admiraal, Pieter. Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide. Accessed November 12, 2012. http//biology. franklincollege. du/bioweb/Biology/course_p/bioethics/Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide. doc. Barber, Melissa. Death With Dignity Isnt Suicide. Death With Dignity case Center, April 25, 2011. http//www. deathwithdignity. org/2011/04/25/death-dignity-isnt-suicide (accessed Novmeber 11, 2012). Simon, Rita J. Euthanasia and The Right to stop Overview. ABC-CLIO Understanding contestation and Society. http//issues. abc-clio. com/Topics/Display/913372? cid=41terms=Euthanasia and the Right to Die (accessed October 1, 2012). Lafolette, Hugh. Living On a Slippery Slope. The daybook of Ethics. 9. no. /4 (2005) 475-499. http//www. jstor. org/stable/25115837? seq=1 (accessed October 1, 2012). McKhann, Charles F. Time to Die The Place for Physician Assistance. knot Yale University Press, 1999. http// capstate. worldcat. org/oclc/47009260 Neumann, Ann. The Nation Keeping the Right to Die Alive. The Nation, June 16, 2011. (accessed December 6, 2012). http//www. npr. org/2011/06/16/137217016/the-nation-keeping-the-right-to-die-alive Religion and Spirituality. Death With Dignity National Center. http//www. deathwithdignity. org/historyfacts/religion (accessed December 7, 2012).Robinson, Scott. To Go Among the Saracens A Franciscan Composers Journey into the House of Islam . Cross Currents. ( 2007) 417, 420. https//lms. wsu. edu/section/default. asp? id=2012-fall-PULLM-HISTORY-105-28593-LEC (accessed November 11, 2012). S. Frileux, C. Lelievre, M. T. Munoz Sastre, E. Mullet and P. C. Sorum, . When is Physician Assisted Suicide or Euthanasia Acceptable?. Journal Of Medical Eithics. 29. no. 6 (2003) 330-336. http//www. jstor. org/stable/27719114? seq=3 (accessed October 1, 2012). Schaab, Patrick. Mercy killing s or anarchical murder?. The Timaru Herald, , sec.National, September 18, 2012. http//www. lexisnexis. com/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview. do? docLinkInd=truerisb=21_ (accessed November 13, 2012). Washington State Transforms the Crime of Assisted Suicide Into a Medical treatment.. Patients Rights Council. . http//www. patientsrightscouncil. org/site/washington/ (accessed November 12, 2012). Yardley, William. Report Finds 36 Died Under Assisted Suicide Law. The refreshing York Times, March 4, 2010. http//www. nytimes. com/2010/03/05/us/05suicide. html? _r=0 (accessed November12, 2012). 1 . Schaab, Patrick. Mercy killings or uncontrolled murder?. The Timaru Herald, sec. National, September 18, 2012. 2 . Schaab, Patrick. Mercy killings or uncontrolled murder?. The Timaru Herald, sec. National, September 18, 2012. 3 . Lafolette, Hugh. Living On a Slippery Slope. The Journal of Ethics. 9. no. 3/4 (2005) 475-499. 4 . S. Frileux, C. Lelievre, M. T. Munoz Sastre, E. Mullet and P . C. Sorum, . When is Physician Assisted Suicide or Euthanasia Acceptable?. Journal Of Medical Ethics. 29. no. 6 (2003) 330-336. 5 . Admiraal, Pieter. Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide. Accessed December 6, 2012. 6 . Simon, Rita J. Euthanasia and The Right to Die Overview. ABC-CLIO Understanding Controversy and Society. 7 . Yardley, William. Report Finds 36 Died Under Assisted Suicide Law. The New York Times, March 4, 2010. 8 . Washington State Transforms the Crime of Assisted Suicide Into a Medical Treatment. . Patients Rights Council. 9 . Yardley, William. Report Finds 36 Died Under Assisted Suicide Law. The New York Times, March 4, 2010. 10 . Barber, Melissa. Death With Dignity Isnt Suicide. Death With Dignity National Center, April 25, 2011. 11 . McKhann, Charles F. Time to Die The Place for Physician Assistance. cabbage Yale University Press, 1999. 12 . Religion and Spirituality. Death With Dignity National Center. 13 . Neumann, Ann. The Nation Keeping the Right to Die Alive. The Nation, June 16, 2011. (accessed December 6, 2012). 14 . Barber, Melissa. Death With Dignity Isnt Suicide. Death With Dignity National Center, April 25, 2011. 15 . Robinson, Scott. To Go Among the Saracens A Franciscan Composers Journey into the House of Islam . Cross Currents. ( 2007) 417, 420.

Baroque Notes

Oldest of the tercet muckle known as the Carried * Cousin of Agitations and Enable * Studied painting in Florence * Taught his cousins Agitations (1557- 1602) * Known come ap dodge as a strikemaker rather than a painter * Did a lot of reproduced engravings gave way to acquaint famous pieces in print format with flip over away having to travel to the actual place * Reproduced engravings- reproduction of pieces in print form Enable (156()-1609) * Most well-known Carried The Carried Academy, Bologna (Academia dogleg Incriminate) Name meaner those who have set forth * They were place out to create a new form of art * Served more as an informal showdown place where artist could come to work * Wasnt really a teaching academy some people who were members were already masters at their craft * Acted more as a studio than school * Went out to the streets and drew from life (I. E.Man with Monkey) * Genre paintings- scenes from everyday life Nibble Carried Study of Reclining Boy, 1580 * *The Butchers Shop, 1580 * Monumental scene of a butcher shop * Large genre painting (there is also a smaller version) Depicts a slice weighing meat, man behind a counter, man hoisting Caracas * Could possibly be a phantasmal painting * May have been a commissi aced piece for a butchers guild * Reaction against affectedness towards a lot more naturalism in art The Baptism of Christ, 1 585 * More mannerist air * Figures argon exaggerated * Figures are looking out the frame The Virgin and Child with SST. John and SST. Catherine, 1593 * A advanced renaissance style * Stable composition * Toned down colors * S washy distortion in figures but mostly balanced Resurrection of Christ, 1593 * Christ has risen from his tomb Large altar piece * prominent * Christ is floating up to heaven Agitations Carried Everyone * Doesnt give a sense of color SST. Jerome, engraving, 1602 The Last mastication of SST.Jerome, 1590 * SST Jerome on his death bead was going to take communion for the final time he make himself get up and do it * his humility is a wonderful example for the catholic followers * was dubbed the most praised painting for the entire century Ladylove Carried Madonna Delhi Scalia, 1590 * traditional subjects * SST. Jerome recognized by his lion (spent a lot of time in the Jungle once got a thorn out off lion) * SST. Jerome was one of the early perform followers and translates the bible into Latin very important to the counter reformation church * Scalia was the name of the church conversion of SST. Paul, 1587-1589 * Showing the conversion of the roman Sal, well known for being a persecutor of Christians * He was traveling and sees a vision of God and he says Oh why do you bedevil me? And is immediately converted * Paul is thrown from his horse in response to the bright shining light from God * Gets across the idea off person being shocked * Diagonal composition * In 1595 Carried splits up and Agitations and Enable go to capital of Italy he fairness Palace working for Fairness, a primaeval Thursday, August 30th Enable Carried in Rome Fairness Palace * Renaissance building * Was partially designed by Michelangelo * They live in * Had a large collection of Greek and roman art one of which is the Fairness Hercules Fairness Hercules * Reconstruction of an earlier statue * Inspired one of enablers first pieces in Rome **The Choice of Hercules 1597 * Central piece of art that was made for the Fairness Cameron (his study) first of the rooms he decorate for the fairness palace * Oil on canvas * Central canvas * The Large painting * Presents an fabrication Hercules is being asked to choose between virtue (right) and vice (left) * Vice personified as a woman of lure not virtuous behavior (theater, music, etc. ) * Common idea was thinking of vice as acquiring lost in woods and finding your way back.Portrayed here * Virtue is pointing too winged Pegasus **The Fairness ceiling frescoes, 1595-1600 * 60 by 20 Ft room * Barrel vault room * take matter is from classical mythology * Scenes from Ovid, The Metamorphoses the loves of the gods portrayed through the work of Ovid * Made up into framed panels Each at the same theme with a disparate story in each frame * Uses paint to give a different lighting scene with each panel * Figures outside panel scenes look to be illuminated from below * Engages the viewer you have to move around the space to look at it from different angles * The central scene depicting the triumph of Bacchus (wine god) and his lover ordained processing in triumph through the center of the ceiling * Above and below are paintings by agitations his brother * Baroque classicism style

Natural Justice Essay

4) What is inhering well-grounded expert? instinctive justice is a intrinsic sense of what is right and wrong. It is a procedural concept and does not oblige any substantive restriction. Besides that, natural justice is also a fair administrative operation to be followed by the administrative body in arriving at a right decision. Natural justice has two main components the rule of earreach or rights to be hear or audi alteram partem and the rule against crook or nemo-judex in causa sua.5) What are the main divisions in nemo-judex causa sua?Nemo-judex causa sua intend the rules against preconceived opinion. It fashion that a art object should not be a judge in his own cause. The principle that bias disqualified an individual from acting as an adjudicator flows from two fundamental maxims a man should not be a judge in his own cause and justice must not exclusively be done but be seen to be done. The fountain of administration justice must not only be pure but it must a lso enjoy public confidence and credibility. The adjudicator must not only be free from bias but there must not even be appearance of bias. There are three types or chemical elements of bias Pecuniary bias, Personal bias and polity bias. A pecuniary interest, however sm any, in a controversy disqualifies a individual from acting as a judge. In DIMES v GRAND JUNCTION CANAL, a public limited company filed a fountain against a land owner in a affair largely involving the interests of the company. The Lord premier who was a shareholder in the company heard the case and gave the proclivityd relief to the company. The decision was quashed by the House of Lords because of the Lord Chancellors pecuniary interest in the company.Personal bias whitethorn arise in the adjudicative right, or in favour of, one party to the dispute out front him under many varied circumstances, for example relationship, friendship or business dealings with or hostility or animosity against a party may disq ualify an official to act as an adjudicatory in a dispute. All these circumstances create bias either in favour of, against a party to the dispute. In AK KRAIPAK v UNION OF INDIA 1970 SC 150, a filling Board was formed to hold employee of state service to the Indian Forest Service was one of the candidates and he was a member of the Selection Board. The Supreme Court held that a member of a decision making body cannot be some(prenominal) a party and a judge in the same dispute. In the case of official bias, the adjudicatory is not influenced by any personal or pecuniary but he is so imbued with the desire to promote official policy of his department that he becomes blind to the existence of the interests of the private individual.When an administrator acts as decision maker to decide a dispute between an individual and his department, there is a angle of dip that he was an official or policy bias towards his department. In ALKAFF & CO v THE GOVERNER-IN-COUNCIL, the Commissioner of Law was a member of Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT). SIT approved indisputable scheme and applied to the regulator-in-Council for approval. The Governor appointed the Commissioner to inquire and to make report on the proposal. The commissioner recommended approval of the scheme. Therefore held, the appointment of Commissioner to inquire the merit of the scheme could result in suspicion that justice might not be done. The order was quashed.6) What is the element in audi alteram partem?Audi alteram partem is the rule which requiring fair consultation. It has few elements. The first element is broadside. Notice is a basic average of natural justice is that forwards initiating adjudication proceedings, the party concerned should be given notice of the case against him so as to enable him to adequately defend himself. The right of hearing become illusory if the party has no knowledge of allegations which he need to meet. Notice thus regarded as the sine qua non of the right of hearing. The notice means an adequate notice as regards the details of the case against the party. Any proceeding guide onn against a person without adequate notice to him infringes natural justice and is thus invalid. It is necessary that all the makes on which movement is proposed to be taken must be communicated to the person concerned. If it transpires later that action was taken on a ground which had not been taken communicated to him earlier than the action will be invalid. In the case reckon of MARADANA MOSQUE TRUSTEES v BADI-UD-DIN MAHMUN 1967 1 AC 13, the government took over the school on two grounds due to the failure to pay salaries of teachers and unable to manage the school, but the manager was asked to explain only one ground which is the failure to pay salaries.The managers had no notice of the other grounds, which influenced governments decision. Privy Council held that the decision to take over the school was quashed as the managers were not given notice of on e ground. The minister was acting in quasi-judicial capacity and was bound to observe the rule of natural justice. Relating to the case above, a notice must be served in order for the person concerned to know the lades he had to meet and have a fitting clock time to prepare his defence. For example, in the case of SURINDER SINGH KANDA v GOVT OF MALAYSIA 1962 MLJ 169, Lord Denning stated that if the right to be heard is to be real which is worth anything, it must carry with it a right in the accused man to know the case which is made against him. The notice must be given a reasonable prospect to comply with its requirements. Sufficient time must be given to the concerned person to prepare his defence.For example, in the case of RE LIVERPOOL TAXI OWNERS ASSOCIATION 1967 2 MLJ 186, a letter was sent to the association to essay cause by return of post against the issue of fresh taxi licenses. The notice was held to be inadequate. It is against natural justice to call upon the conce rned person to show cause immediately and to permit him no time to consider the charges against him. If the notice is inadequate, the decision will be invalid as it is against the natural justice. The second element is hearing. Natural justice requires an adjudicatory body to not to make a decision adverse to a party without affording him an affective fortune of adequately meeting the allegations against him and presenting his own case. There is no fixed hearing procedure which has to be followed in all cases. It varies from situation to situation. It is ultimately for the court to decide whether the procedure pick out in a specific situation accords with natural justice or not. In the case employment of PHANG MOH SHIN 1967 2 MLJ 186, the inquiry officer embarked on the inquiry immediately after reading the charge to the officer against whom the inquiry was being held.His request for an adjournment to enable him to prepare his defence was refused. It was held that there was a den ial of natural justice. The third element is reasonable opportunity of being heard. There are certain elements need to be observed. The first element is the adjudicating authority should disclose all information, evidence or textile which the authority wishes to use against the individual concerned in writing at its decision. The general rule is that all the germane(predicate) material which is being relied upon by an adjudicating authority for giving its decision against a person, should be brought to his notice and he be given an opportunity to comment, criticise, explain or refute the same. For example in the case of AZIZ BIN ABD RAHMAN v ATTORNEY GENERAL SINGAPORE 1979 2 MLJ 93, the court held that as vital and relevant evidence had not been disclosed to him, there was breach of natural justice insofar as he was denied an opportunity of correcting or controverting the medical evidence considered relied upon by the medical board.The second element is the authority should perp lex the evidence and all relevant material which the party concerned may wish to produce before it in its defence. In an oral hearing, the adjudicatory authority is obligated to give the person concerned opportunity to produce evidence on behalf of the affected person may amount to breach of natural justice by the authority concerned. Based on the case MALAYAWATA STEEL BHD v UNION OF MALAYAWATA STEEL WORKERS 1978 1 MLJ 87, the company challenged an award of the Industrial Court on the ground of breach of natural justice as the company was denied the opportunity to call witnesses. The High Court held that there had been a denial of natural justice when the applicant was not allowed to call his essential witnesses to adduce evidence at the hearing and was therefore denied a reasonable opportunity of presenting his case.The third element is the authority should give to the individual concerned an opportunity to rebut the material against him. In oral hearing, cross-examination of witne sses testifying against a party should be permitted. It is actually not regarded as an required part of natural justice in all cases. Whether an opportunity for cross-examination is to be given or not depend upon the circumstances of each case. Based on the case CEYLON UNIVERSITY v FERNANDO, the argument of the appellant that he had not been given an opportunity to cross-examine witnesses testifying against him was rejected by the Privy Council on the ground that he never claimed such right. Even where cross-examination of witnesses is allowed, the authority may refuse to permit unnecessary cross-examination of a witness. Even if cross-examination of witnesses is not an obligatory part of natural justice, it is still necessary for the decision-making authority to give the party concerned a fair opportunity of commenting on the evidence produced against him and of contradicting the same.The fourth element is reasoned decision. Traditionally, the British courts had taken the pot tha t natural justice does not obligate an adjudicatory body to give reasons for its decisions. In BREEN v A.E.U. 1971 2 Q.B. 143, Lord Denning did emphasize that the giving of reasons is one of the fundamentals of good administration. The obligation to give reason avoids partial or arbitrary decisions by adjudicatory bodies search for reasons for their decisions is bound to make these bodies alert and careful. Reasoned decisions experience that decision-making bodies apply their mind to the plazas and circumstances of the matters they decide and that they do not act in a mechanic manner. In India, however, the Supreme Court has insisted time and again that natural justice obligates decision-making bodies to give reasoned decisions. The 5th element is the right to be counsel. Generally, appearance of a lawyer is not claimable as a matter of right in a quasi-judicial hearing.But in a case where complicated questions of law and fact arise, where the evidence is elaborate and the par ty concerned may not be in a position to meet the situation himself effectively, denial of legal assistance may amount to denial of natural justice. In PEET v GREYHOUND RACING ASSOCIATION 1968 2 alone ER 545, the Court of Appeal ruled that natural justice required that the plaintiff should be presented through a lawyer as he was go about a serious charge concerning his reputation and livelihood. However in the case of FRASER v MUDGE 1975 3 ALL ER 78, the court ruled that in a disciplinary matter there was to be hearing but no legal representation. In this case, a prisoner with an offence against prison disciplines sought legal representation before the Board of Visitors while enquiring into the charge before him.