Judicial Law-Making Essay Example for Free

Judicial Law-Making EssayThe independence of the judiciary was ensured by the act of settlement 1700, which transferred the strength to sack settle from the cr dumbfound to the parliament. Consequently, judges should theoretically make their decisions found purely on the logical deductions of precedent, uninfluenced by political or travel considerations. The eighteenth century ratified commentator, William Blackst integrity, introduced the declaratory theory of legal philosophy, stating that judges do non make rightfulness, but merely, by the rules of precedence, discover and declargon the law that has ceaselessly been the judge being sworn to determine, non according to his private sentiments ot according to his own private judgement, but according to the known laws and customs of the land not delegated to pronounce a upstart- do law, but to maintain an expound the old one. Blackstone does not accept that precedent does not even offer a superior between two or more interpretations of the law where a bad decision is made, he states, the new one that reverses or overrules it is not a new law, nor a statement that the old decision was bad law, but a declaration that the preceding(prenominal) decision was not law, in other delivery that it was the wrong answer.His view presupposes that in that respect is al ways one right answer, to be deduced from the objective study of precedence. Today, however, this position is considered somewhat unrealistic. If the operation of precedent is the precise erudition Blackstone suggested, a large majority of instances in the higher courts would never come to court at all. The lawyers concern could simply look up the relevant case law and predict what the decision would be, then advise whichever of the clients would be bound to lose not to bother bringing or fighting the case.In a civil case, or either appeal case, no good lawyer would advise a client to bring or defend the case that they had no chance of w inning. Therefore, where such a case is contested, it can be assumed that, unless one of the lawyers has made a mistake, it could go either way, and still be in accordance with the law. In practice, thus, judges decisions may not be as neutral as Blackstones declaratory theory suggests they have to make choices which are by no means spelled out by precedent.Yet, rather than openly stating that they are choosing between two or more equally relevant precedents, the courts find ways to avoid awkward ones, which give them the impression that the precedents they do choose to follow are the only ones they could possibly apply. Ronald Dworkin argues that judges have no real apprehension in devising case law. He sees law as a seamless web of principles, which supply a right answer and only one to every possible problem.Dworkin reasons that although stated legal rules may run out (in the sense of not being directly applicable to a new case) legal principles never do, and therefore judg es never need to use their own discretion. In his book, laws empire 1986, professor Dworkin claims that judges first look at previous cases, and from those deduce which principles could be said to apply to the case for them. They then consult their own sense of justness as to which apply, and also consider what the communities view of justice dictates.Where the judges view and that of the community coincide, there is no problem, but if they conflict, the judges then ask themselves whether or not it would be fair to impose their own sense of justice over that of the community. Dworkin calls this the interpretive approach and, although it may appear to involve a series of choices, he considers that the legal principles underlying the decisions mean that in the end, only one result could possibly surface from any one case.Dworkins approach has been heavily criticised as being unrealistic opponents believe that judges do not consider principles of justice but take a much more pragmatic approach, looking at the facts of the case, not the principles. little legal theorists, homogeneous as David Kairys (1998) take a quite different view. They argue that judges have considerable freedom inwardly the doctrine of precedent. Kairys suggests that there is no such thing as legal reasoning in the sense of a logical, neutral method of determining rules and results from what has gone before.He states that judicial decisions are truly based on a complex mixture of social, political, institutional, experiential, and personal factors, and are simply legitimated, or justified, by reference to previous cases. The law provides a commodious and conflicting variety of such justifications from which courts pick and choose. The process is not necessarily as cynical as it sounds. Kairys points out that he is not saying that judges actually make the decision and then consider which precedents they can pick to justify it rather their own eliefs and prejudices naturally lead them to give more free weight to precedents which support both views.Nevertheless, for critical legal theorists, all such decisions can be seen as reflecting social and political judgements, rather than objective, purely logical deductions. Critical theory argues that the neutral appearance of so called legal reasoning disguises the true nature of legal decisions which, by the choices made, uphold existing power relations within society, tending to favour, for example, employers over employees, property owners over those without, men over women, and rich, developed countries over poor, undeveloped ones.Griffith (1997) argues that judges make their decisions based on what they see as the public fire, but that their view of this interest is coloured by their background and their position in society. He points out that judges view of public interest assumes that the interests of all the members of society are roughly the same, ignoring the fact that within society, different groups, employer s and employees, men and women, rich and poor may have interests which are diametrically opposite. What appears to be acting in public interest will usually mean in the interest of one group over another, and therefore cannot be seen as neutral.Waldron, in his book The Law (1989), agrees that judges do make law, and that they are influenced in those instances of law-making by political and ideological considerations, but argues that this is not necessarily a bad thing. He contends that while it would be wrong for judges to be biased towards one side in a case, or to make decisions based on political factors in the hope of promotion, it is unrealistic to expect a judge to be a political neuter emasculated of all set and principled commitments.Although judges have traditionally seen themselves as declaring or finding rather than creating law, and frequently state that making law is the prerogative of the parliament, there are several areas in which they clearly do make law. In the first place, historically, a great deal of English law is and always has been case law, made by judicial decisions. Contract and tort law are still largely judge made, and many of the most important developments for example, the development of negligence as a tort have had profound effects.Even though statutes have later been passed in these subjects, and occasionally parliament has attempted to embody whole areas of parking lot law in statutory form, these still embody the original principles created by the judges. Secondly, the application of law, whether case law or statute, to a particular case is not usually an automatic matter. Terminology may be vague or ambiguous, new developments and social life have to be accommodated, and the procedure requires interpretation as well as application.As we have suggested, judicial precedent does not always make a particular decision obvious and obligatory there may be conflicting precedents, their implications may be unclear, and there are ways of getting round a precedent that may otherwise work an undesirable decision. If it is accepted that Blackstones declaratory theory does not apply in practice, then clearly the judges do make law, rather than explaining the law that is already there. The theories advanced by Kairys, Griffith, and Waldron, all accept that judges do have discretion, and therefore they do to some extent make law.Where precedents do not spell out what should be done in a case before them, judges nevertheless have to make a decision. They cannot simply say that the law is not clear and refer it back to parliament, even though in some cases they point out that the decision before them would be more suitably decided by those who have been elected to make decisions on changes in the law. This was the case in Airedale NHS Trust v placid (1993), where the House of Lords considered the fate of Tony Bland, the football supporter left in a coma, after the Hillsborough stadium disaster.The court had t o decide whether it was lawful to stop supplying the drugs and artificial feeding that were keeping Bland alive, even though it was known that doing so would mean his death soon afterwards. Several law lords made it plain that they felt that cases raising wholly new moral and social issues should be decided by the Parliament, the judges role being to apply the principles which society, through the democratic process, adopts, not to impose their standards on society. Nevertheless, the courts had no option but to make the decision one way or another, and they decided that the action was lawful in the circumstances, because it was in the patients best interests. Thirdly, our judges have been left to define their own role, and the role of the courts generally in the political system, more or less as they please. They have, for example, given themselves the power to review decisions of any public body, even when parliament has said those decisions are not to be reviewed.In addition, desp ite their frequent pronouncements that it is not for them to interfere in parliaments law making role, the judges have made it plain that they will not, unless forced by very explicit wording, interpret statutes as encroaching on common law rights or judge made law. They also control the operation of case law without reference to parliament an obvious example is that the 1966 practice statement announcing that the HOL would no longer be bound by its own decisions, which made case law more flexible and thereby gave the judges more power, was made on the courts own authority, without needing permission from parliament.The HOL has explained its approach to judicial law-making (which is likely to be the same for the Supreme Court) in the case of C (a minor) v DPP 1995, which raised the issue of childrens obligation for crime. The common law defence of doli incapax provided that a D aged between 10 and 14 could be liable for a crime only if the quest could prove that the child knew th at what he or she did was seriously wrong.On appeal from the magistrates court, the divisional court held that the defence was outdated and should no longer exist in law. An appeal was brought before the HOL arguing that the divisional court was bound by precedent and not able to change the law in this way. the HOL agreed and went on to consider whether it should change the law itself (as the 1966 practice statement clearly allowed it to do), but decided that this was not an appropriate case for judicial law making.

Architectural Design Considerations of a Light Warehouse Essay Example for Free

Architectural Design Considerations of a Light store look forWargonhousing warehousing is the receiving, warehousing, and delivery of goods. Receiving receiving is the acceptance of goods with a degree of accountability therefor. reposition storage is the safekeeping of goods in a warehouse or opposite depository. Delivery delivery is the transfer of goods to the transportation carrier or customer. Distribution distribution is a function of warehousing which includes the preparation and delivery of goods according to computer programme or special order. Supply chain efficiencies depend upon the talent of logistics including transportation and warehousing operations. Warehouse efficiencies depend upon a combination of warehouse design, layout, infrastructure, systems, move and people. Warehouse Design element aims to maximize the utility of space, equipment and efficiency of operations. We leave briefly cover the various elements of a warehouse design and understand their importance. In canonic functional aspects, a warehouse function consists of Material receipts including unloading, unpacking and inspection, put away and Storage of materials in various categories of storage locations, systems updating, pull materials for dispatch and delivery of materials after processing.Warehouse Location, Layout and Building The location of a warehouse should ideally be situated in a flat ground. The location should be easily approachable and in a area suited for this nature of caper. Locations closer to markets or to national highways would be ideal. Public transportation and communication infrastructure should too be available. The layout of the building should be designed to accommodate fleet parking, and enable containers to drive in and drive out easily. Any time two containers should be able to pass through on the path without any interruption.There should be enough free space for vehicles to maneuver. The layout should also provide for other u tility, safety and security operations. Building is normally constructed using galvanized metallic sheets mounted on C Section girdles. The spirit leveling should be RCC concrete with weight bearing dexterity as per requirement of the load to be calculated in each case. The ground should be flat, even and smooth surface to facilitate MHE movements and dust free. The capital height would be a major consideration to be able to install multi vertical storage pace installation.The walls and roof should be designed with fit lighting panels and ventilators for air exchange fitted with bird cages. The sum up of loading and unloading docs and placement of these docs play an important role in the design of operations and efficiency of operation. All weather docks and the deftness should enable 24 hours operations. Dock Levels. The docks should be equipped with dock levelers and all these induct to be installed during construction phase itself. Ramps have to be provided to facilitate movement of forklift etc.Lighting design will depend upon the layout and the racking design. Internal Layout Internal layout design will be reinforced taking into account the operational process, nature of goods, volumes of performances both inward and outgoing, storage types, in house operations involving put away and pull sequences and process requirements including packing, kitting etc and the availability of al-Qaeda space coupled with building layout design of inbound and outbound docks. The design aims to maximize space utilization, minimize MHE movement and Manpower movement.Types of Storage Types of storage are determined by the nature of cargo. Depending upon the cargo whether finished goods, raw material parts etc, the types of storage can vary from bulk stock, avoid stock, racking, pallet racking, shelf racking, binning, unit pick or loose pick face, carton pick etc. The storage types vary with nature of materials with different types of storage designs for drums, p allets, tires, cartons, tube and rods etc. Racking Designs Material manipulation EquipmentRacking Design takes into account the storage type, storage unit, volume and weight coupled with the available floor space and roof height to design system which maximizes the storage capacity. Put away and plectrum process and transactional volumes are also taken into consideration. The gunstock indite study would include detailing of number of SKUs in each category of fast moving, slow moving or other criteria as per the nature of business and the storage type would be designed as per the inventory profile and the process.Racking designs are very many and varies with the type of industries and nature of inventory. Normal racking designs include pallet racking on multiple levels. You can have shelving, binning or combination of bulk stock and forward pick face racking designs. Block stack racking and other types of high density racking can be found in FG warehouses. Mezzanine store binnin g and shelving rack designs are normally designed for spare parts and small parts. Highly automated racking designs can have automatic retrieval systems and conveyors in the warehouse.Material Handling Equipments are specified based on rack design coupled with pallet design, nature of cargo, weight and the warehouse layout etc. Forklifts, reach trucks, hand pallet jacks, trolleys are normal Material handling equipments in normal warehousing operations. Warehouse Layout Design coat the Space Requirements Warehouse layout coat of it is a sarcastic aspect of planning a new expertness or re-designing an existing building. Many times organisations start from a fixed view of what size the facility will be, and most times the square footage is based on affordability.The problem with this, is that the building may end up be to big, and therefore more dearly-won or to small and put operational constraints into the facility before the design even gets off the ground. Warehouse Layout and Sizing The correct way to size the facility is from the inside, that way the actual size required will fit the operational requirements, and will ensure that all available space is used and you are not paying for unused space. Estimating Space Requirements Short and long term, based upon forecasts, historical usage patterns, and projected changes.Developing new layouts to maximize usage of space. Short- and long-range sizing of individual areas racks, shelving, automated systems, docks, staging, offices, and support. The final sizing needs to come from the operational requirements of the building, this can only come from modelling the design. Key Factors to Consider during Warehouse Sizing Order Picking Methods for Piece Pick, Case Pick, and Pallet Pick Operations. Deciding on the amount of space you will need is not just intimately how much product you wish to store. The type of picking you intend carrying out is a fundamental part of the decision process.The methods for order picking vary greatly and the level of difficulty in choosing the best method for your operation will depend on the type of operation you have. The characteristics of the product being handled, total number of transactions, total number of orders, picks per order, quantity per pick, picks per SKU, total number of SKUs, value-added processing such as private labelling, and whether you are handling piece pick, case pick, or full-pallet load are all factors that will affect the decision on how much space will be required.Therefore when you have- Full pallet picking you will need more racking space than open floor space. a great deal of case picking you will need more ground floor pick faces, than you will need for full pallet picking and you may also need a case to pallet consolidation floor area. Lots of small quantity piece picking you will need packing pallet consolidation areas on the floor. Holding requirements include defining the physical size of the inventory on hand.Unless the on-hand total is fairly stable across the year, it is usually preferable to plan for a high but not peak inventory level. To fully utilize the space, it is important to determine how product needs to be stored (e. g. , floor stacked, pallet rack, shelving, case flow) and how much of each fixture type will be required. Cube data (length ? width ? height) for each product is a very useful kind of information for many aspects of capacity planning. Workflow requirements hide everything from how product arrives to how it leaves the facility and everything in between.The objectives of this aspect of planning are to minimize product handling, to reduce travel as much as possible, and to minimize the mental imagery requirements (labor, packaging, transportation) to move the product to the customer. Among the factors to consider are the following (1) Link the way product arrives with where it is to be stored (location capacity). If possible, store all of a product in iodine location a nd pick from that location as well. This does not work if stock rotation matters (expiration dates, serial number, or lot control issues). 2) Locate the highest-volume products (greatest number of orders, not physical size) closest to the outbound shipping area to minimize the travel required to pick and ship orders for them. (3) Because vertical travel is always slower, locate as many products as possible on or close to the floor. (4) Allow for staging space to handle product that is in transit, such as items time lag to be put away. Warehousing was supposed to disappear with Lean Manufacturing. This has rarely occurred but the nature of warehousing often does change from storage-dominance to transaction dominance.Warehousing buffers inbound shipments from suppliers and outbound orders to customers. Customers usually order in patterns that are not compatible with the capabilities of the warehouse suppliers. The amount of storage depends on the disparity between incoming and outbou nd shipment patterns. In addition, the trend to overseas sourcing has increased the need for warehousing and its importance in the supply chain. Design StrategiesOne key to effective design is the sexual congress dominance of picking or storage activity. These two warehouse functions have opposing requirements.Techniques that maximize space utilization tend to complicate picking and cede it inefficient while large storage areas increase distance and also reduce picking efficiency. Ideal picking requires small stocks in dedicated, close locations. This full treatment against storage efficiency. Automation of picking, storage, handling and information can compensate for these opposing requirements to a degree. However, automation is expensive to install and operate. The figure below shows how different transaction volumes, storage requirements and technologies lead to different design concepts.

Hunting song Essay Example for Free

Hunting poem EssayThis tale, Hunting var., helps us envision the deer hunting tactics of the Navajo people. Although the true moral of this apologue is terrifying, the author of this poem wrote it in a way that it sounds almost peaceful. He uses beautiful, environmental imagery such as the mountains and dewy flowers to help us submit this scene better in our minds. This story teaches us about the Navajo song writing tradition, their appreciation towards the deer, and their hunting tactics. A major aspect of the Navajo culture is song writing. The people practically wrote songs for most of their activities, such as hunting. They receive many, many songs that describe the many different facets of life. The song, Hunting Song is one of the more lord songs out of all the rest. That is because it was said by the Navajo bards, that the deer transformed itself into human. This explains why the hunter of this story was very content with cleanup spot this deer. It shows how the hu nter may have felt proud to have caught an animal that is so incredible. The tribes appreciation for the deer is amazing.This song is basically a sacred verse for killing the deer. Its incredible how the Navajo people are so thankful. For instance, people nowadays, in Korean society, kill cows and pigs. However, they do not particularly feel grateful towards them. This song helps us understand how the Navajo are one with nature. It teaches the importance of the animals and helps us value what we receive in life. Although there is insufficient information in this story to figure out how they hunt, we can get a general consensus of it.In the end stanza, the author stated how he killed the deer by the luck of (his) chase. This last part helps me picture a man holding a spear, chasing the deer. However, we do not know if that is how the deer actually died. The fun part of this is that the author left-hand(a) the hunting techniques out so that his audience may imagine many other ways the hunter could have murdered the deer. From evaluating this hunting song, I was persuade that we all should appreciate and take value of our surroundings.I was surprisingly very inspired by the Navajo culture. It made me think of the time when I went hunting with my comrades family back in the States. Although I didnt recite a sacred verse to the elk we killed, I now know that I should the bordering time I go hunting. I feel as though Ive learned so much about the people of Navajo and their traditions. Hunting Song teaches us about the Navajo song writing tradition, their appreciation toward the deer, and their awesome hunting tactics.

Management Information Systems (MIS) in Schools

perplexity discipline Systems (MIS) in SchoolsINTRODUCTIONThese days, which we describe data era as various technologic developments move over been radiation patternd the lead risk that an organization could obtain is to hang ab go forth tactless to change. A lot of important factors such as constant developments in education technologies, aiming exchange, and increasing and increasing the expectation of the society to a great extent, recent administration perceptions and applications ca rehearse organizations n mavin over the world to develop new applications during gear up to remain. Because of their priority in modern societies, Information Technologies gravel r distributivelyed an state of high main concern in learning, too. Recently, contributions of teaching technology to education have been among the mostly emphasized subjects.Every country aims to make available their citizens with the most alert education in the line of their monetary competence. In support o f this reason, immense investment funds plans more or less the use of information systems encompass been put into action all around the world.Inside our country, too, in order to prop up Primary give lessonsing Program, 600 million $ of loan in total was taken out within World Bank on June 25, 1998 and July 26, 2004. In the first section of the line up, on least two primary give lessonss in each of the 921 countries of Turkey were prep atomic number 18d in conditions of in order technologies and then activated. In commission training courses in relation to the use of computer in main education which was given to 2.250 coordinators of information technology section and 35.000 teachers were financed. In the following section of the plan finale on February 28, 2006, it is projected that information technology softw ar are circulated to the 3.000 primary education shoals just nigh Turkey and education doorway is established.As a result of training 600 computer teachers, in-servic e teaching is designed for all the primary teach inspectors functioning on the pasture, and for at least 106.381 educators shaped of managers and teachers of main teachs which have or will have information technology classes, on use of information technologies in learning and use of educational software, which will be prompt in line with recent instruction programsSchool Management Information SystemsBeing at the commencement form of the School Management Information Systems, automation of the school prudence is the necessary subject of todays school attention. Principals have ongoing to make use of information systems in the gradually-increasing each day management staffs. ofttimes speaking, the reasons to use information systems advise be declared as increasing helpfulness at work by handing out information, rising managerial strength by meeting the need for information and obtain supremacy in competitions by directing strategies. School management in sequence systems aim to offer maintain for the managing and educational behavior of the school managers by hand out information.Telem (1999) define the management information in his words as an executive information system planned to match the structure, management task, instructional process and particular needs of the school.According to board definition which defines, hand-outs of the information systems to schools can be defined as fashioning programs to a greater extent(prenominal) successful, making the teaching process and the changes in learning environment professional, enable teachers to swap their experiences in a more well thought-out way, working in teams, shaping the needs of the students, supporting the school managers and other staff in doing their duty, developing their performances, inefficiency and efficiencies. In other words, school management information systems increase effectiveness and efficiency by saving time and facilitate development of alternative solutions for advanced problemsInformation systems sustain non unless information process but also make the support in conversions. Since being amendable to different changes, these systems are helpful to manage with the load for change. Therefore, school management in sequence systems improve the version of the school to the environment. They enable the school to realize and define internal and external information transfer. In this attitude, school management independently meets the demands and hopes of its inner and outside members and ensures that school activities are arranged perfectly and on time.Beginning of school management information systems to schools have durability major changes in the piece as well as work styles of managers. School management information systems have changed school management in the areas of management, pickax making, workload, human resource management, communication, responsibility and planning.With intent school management information systems hold up the manager in shaping the aims of the school, making long termination plans for possible, distributing resources, and producing educational methods of future, seminal performances of teachers and success of the school. In this trend, school management information systems can also be use as a device to start out and use educational direction of the manager.School managers can make more better and reliable decisions when they get rectify and up-to-date information by school executive information systems (Christopher, 2003). Option making is careful as the heart of educational management and shows the significance. Every day, challenging circumstances that need decision making are based on the complex and unpredicted nature of school surroundings. For this reason, as a problem solver, the educational manager has to collect and examine information constantly.In addition to this, managers have been necessary to make more and quick decisions in short times because of the rising prospect from the educational system (Christopher, 2003). In addition, decision making become faster, more regular and more complicated in schools of in the present day. In order to make decisions under such situation, taking and collecting data that is incessant, up-to-date and that can be accessed promptly and analyzing and using this data is a commitment.Success of school development studies are much depends on data based decision making, though school managers are not able to use the data professionally in this side.School management information systems give information and a diversity of reports from the database in order to make decisions in line with the aim of the school and make easy authoritative of the tricks to achieve the aim. Information technology helps the manager to access, manage and report the information fastly and with no trouble. While telecommunication nets offer the manager with broad resources of information that can be used in problem solving, written communication has bee n developed richer by means of word processors and e-mails.increased school principles, supported decisions on the stage of control and planning, improved the power of teaching programs, facilitated student-teacher communication, enlarged the skill between teachers, facilitated methodical and continuous information transfer to parents, and increased communication with more institutions and the central organization.In his subject field where Gurr (2000) examined possessions of information system on school manager of local school, he strong-minded that information system have generally changed the role of school manager. Managers confirmed that a manager who does not use the information systems is not able to attain his duties suitably anymore. Lastly, Anderson and Dexter (2005) in their studies inattentive that technology leadership of school managers is of more important than the backdrop in the efficient use of technology at schools.On the other pass in lit there are researches that show that school managers had troubles in using school management information systems.For example Viscera and Bloemen (1999) in their study with 195 managers and teachers work in 63 high schools in Holland found out those school management information systems were regularly used in everyday work and managers and teachers did not have enough education on the system. Managers and teachers pointed that while school management information systems had encouraging effects on estimation of efficiency of the school, progress of using sources, favorable position of educational programming and in-school communication, it increased their heavy workload and caused stress.The research indicated that this stress is reduced in schools where education is sufficiently given on the system and where innovation is clearly declared as a hallucination. And moreover it was found that the staff that used the system had top motivation, was devoted to take more education, and adopted the vision of the school more. According to this research where Warren (1998) examined the belongings of information systems on educational decision making, he establish out that school managers have not taken enough education on efficient use of the information technologies.Crouse (1994) found that education improved the prospect to use the information systems. Also Jacops (1992) claimed that there was a relationship between the amount of education the managers took, and the use of information technologies. As a result, it can be stated that school managers had to take over the responsibility of leadership in an unknown area without adequate education.It is cleared as we can see communication and information technologies have progressively more had a role on the behavior of schools. During this era, a lot of things have been spooked and written about the significance of computers.Though there are large way out researches on the role and need of information technologies in education, numerous of th ese are about the educational functions of information systems and just a hardly any of them are about school management. We can say that in other words, although there are countless researches on the position of information systems on class and teaching, and some studies have been done on the use of them in educational management and their effects on the managers.The objective of this learning is to look at the use of information systems in school management and to figured out ideas of managers about managerial information systems. In this aspect, following questions were searchedHow are the information technology facilities in primary schools in Edirne?What are the studies done by using managerial information systems in primary schools in Edirne?What are the contributions of managerial information systems and the problems in primary schools in Edirne?METHODResearch ModelThe mock-up of this research, which targets to look at the use of information systems in school management and to figure out ideas of managers regarding managerial information systems, is review model.PopulationPopulation of this research is created of school managers working in 170 primary schools in Edirne. However managers from 98 schools responded to questionnaires. Among the school managers built-in in the research, 26 of them have worked for 1-5 years (26.5%), 25 of them for 6-10 (25.5%), 18 of them for 11-15 (18.4%), 9 of them for 16-20 (9.2%), and 14 of them have worked for 21 and more years (14.3%). 25 of the participants (25.5%) are undergraduate, 69 (25.5%) of them are graduate and just one of them (25.5%) is a post-graduate. in the middle of the school managers included in the research, six of them didnt react to question about occupational experience and three of them didnt respond to question in relation to education level.Data Collection and AnalysisA survey was urbanized as an tool of data collection. In the first part of the survey, there were some items relating to the pers onal information of the school managers like as vocational experience and study level. Following part tells us about, the stuff were regarding information technology facilities related to to the information systems of the school and opinions of the school managers about technological facilities.The items about the number of the computers in the school and number of the computers joined to the net income were open-ended and later, they were classifying after examining their distributions. Participants were predictable to select among the options offered for the items about the places of the computers and the ones joined to the Internet and also the softwares used. Finally, there were open-ended items related to the places to check with in case of a problem about the program and the ones related to dependability. third part of the survey shows the, there were items correlated to the studies finished with the school managing information systems and items about by whom these studies w ere done. This stuff was separated into two parts as the preparation of various documents, lists and statistics, and data entry. The fourth part consisted of the contributions of managing information systems to school management and problems occurred.These items were in the form of five point liker scale. Options were declared as potently disagree, Disagree, Undecided, Agree and Strongly Agree. The answers were request from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree by ranking them from 1 to 5. The fifth part contains experiences of school managers in information systems and effects of managing information systems to the manager. In this part, school managers were asked questions about their experiences in information systems and the effects of managing information systems to their managerial efficiencies and work-related development. Options were ordered as Strongly disagree, Disagree, Undecided, Agree and Strongly Agree. The answers were ordered from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree by giving them grading them 1 to 5. And n this part, to determine the validity of feedback form was used the technique of content-related validity according to the opinions of the experts,At the end of the study, the data were analyzed by evaluate their arithmetic average, standard deviation and frequencies and percentages.FINDINGSThe answer of the study were existing under the titles of information technology services of schools, studies done with the managing information systems in schools, contributions of managing information systems to school management, and the problems faced, information system experiences of school managers and effects of information systems to them.Information System practice of School Managers and Their outcome to the ManagersUnder this title information system experiences of the school managers and effects of management information systems to the managers were presented. Here are the findings about school managers experiences and frequencies of computer and the Internet use and the education they received about these subjects, which were the indicators of school managers information system experiences the level of computer use of the %32.7 of the school managers was basal level, %54.1 of them was average and %12.4 of them was advanced. Managers stated that their frequencies of computer use (=3.58) and internet use (=3.22) were at a medium level. %81.6 of the school managers received education about working with computers. On the other hand, %77.6 of them answered the question Would you like to receive education about computers? as yes. Findings about the effects of management information systems to the managerial effectiveness of the school managers were presented in Table 10 and findings about their effects to the managers vocational development were presented in Table 11.DISCUSSIONAccording to the outcome of this study which was regarding the usage of School Management Information Systems in primary schools and which mean to dec ide the viewpoints of the school managers associated to management information systems, it was experienced that the number of computers was not sufficient and there was only one computer joined to Internet in nearly all of the schools. Besides, in a small number of of these schools, there was a web pageof the school. education which was conducted by the Pelgrum (2001) in 26 countries and by Mentz and Mentz(2003) in the schools of South Africa, it was seen that one of the most common hurdles of the applications of management information systems was the insufficiency of the numbers of the computers. out-of-pocket to this reason, it can be said that there was an important infrastructure problem of the recognition of school managements information systems in todays schools. As Greg rash stated (2004) the consistency with technological improvements increased with the practice of technology. For that reason, it is compulsory to provide educators chiefly school managers with sufficient t echnological chances to make them accept and go with the improvements. The problems encountered demonstrate the necessity that the applications of information system should be done in the scope of a useful program.Besides, there is a vital difference among the schools in terms of having these technologies. This inequity makes us think that there is some inequality connected to the usage of these technologies opportunities not only for the manager and teachers but also for the students. This situation shows that there is a chance of coming face to face with the problem which is discussed extensively and called digital division not only nationwide but also in the schools in the analogous province.In addition, it was seen that there are still some school managers and assistant school managers who dont have a computer in their rooms at the schools in the scope of this study. In the middle of the school managers and assistant school managers who have a computer in their rooms, some of them use a computer without an Internet contact. Besides there are some schools whose teachers do not have the opportunity of making use of the information technologies. This is also is seen that The Ministry of Educations objective (MEB, 2002) which is supplying each staffroom with at least two computers supplying guidance service, library, school managers with Internet access in order to talk with the central and provincial offices and also for the practice of management has not been achieved yet.

Two sociological theories and two psychological theories

Two sociological theories and two psychological theoriesThe Johnson family ScenarioIn this assignment I lead explore two sociological theories and two psychological theories impacting on the Johnson family. I shall begin by exploring sociological theories analysing and defining them and in the second half of this assignment go away then explore psychological theories. I testament also seem at the professional interventions available in mixer wrick. I shall endeavour to indicate their strength and weaknesses incorporating their familys to issues of class, race, culture gender and sexuality. I will then reflect on the influence of these theories on my own development to achieve social work professional status.Max Weber defined consensus as existing when expectations almost the deportment of others ar realistic because the others will usually accept these expectations as valid for themselves, even without an explicit apprehension. For Marxists, consensus is a highly ideologi cal concept used to perpetuate class rule by attempting to disguise the extent of competitiveness within society. (Answers.com) Durkheim is known to break drawn an analogue of the functionalist emplacement view in which he said that society is a system of interrelated parts each of which relies upon the other parts for efficient functioning.(Cunningham, J Cunningham,S).These institutions are essential for maintaining that society works harmoniously and vagabondly.The view of the functionalist is that the use of power is acceptable and generally beneficial to society. They share norms and values which help them to determine the ripe from the wrong. There is an acceptance from the functionalists positions that conflicts will occur but will only be temporary and potentiometer quickly be resolved. Society should be adequately prepared to deal with instances of anti social doings so that society as a whole benefits. In the functionalist perspective schools first role is to strai n proper behaviour and knowledge that is necessary to maintain a civilised society. check to the functionalist, the children in the Johnsons should therefore be sent to school to be render with this weapon and the fact that they are truanting could easily be viewed as anti social behaviour.Karl Marx did non at all agree with capitalisms theories of consensus and in his writing highlighted the conflict theory, although acknowledging structural integration of societys institutions much(prenominal) as political, legal or religious which he described as the superstructure. His view was that workers in the class system equal Desmond a car mechanic and Mary a cook at a primary school were being exploited and that there should be equality on control, power, wealth and the best education. Marxists felt that it was those with the means of production that had the power and therefore significantly influenced the rest of the society. This causes a difference of interest among social group s which in hug drug causes conflict. As both Desmond and Mary are working this creates pressure on parenting skills and has probably forced Desmond to decide sending Eustace to a residential phratry.Marxists observe functionalists as deceiving as they say the norms and values which they claim are the backbone of society are infect their norms and values that only help to strengthen their positions perpetuating the inadequate social system. Marxists considerd that the workers were being replaced by machines in their roles of employment and this resulted in them loosing their skills, assuming monotonous jobs, separated from each other by the noise and would return home dehumanised and physically exhausted. Marx believed the proletariat would realise the exploitation, join together and revolt overthrowing the system and establishing true systems.The Marxists view of social work is that it is an agent of the state and as such reenforces the interest of the ruling class. Their view is that the state in capitalists societies saves the interests of the ruling classes and do not treat their citizens equally even in cases of welfare services. They notwithstanding state that the image of caring that they create is only a myth which serves to enhance the profits of the capitalists that the social workers serve with the state. The Marxists do not reassure the necessity of the social control role of social work but an agent of state bent on socially controlling those that are already marginalised and excluded. In this view social workers tend to be ignorant of the poverty they are meant to be addressing from the society by empowering service users to leave action and crop about change. The Johnson family appears overcrowded in their residence and this is associated with poverty. Social workers have found themselves working with tied hands as the system is tightly regulated and procedural thereby restricting social workers from exercising their knowledge.Functiona lists viewed the institution of family to be the best organisational basis for society. Talcott Parsons (1955) insists that the family retains two basic and irreducible functions. These are the primary socialisation of children and the stabilisation of self-aggrandizing personalities. So this view will explain that for the family to maintain stability, it needs support to ensure normality. This perspective then explains that if there are signs of antisocial behaviour such as truanting then the family unit needs to be supported. According to Murdock (1949) family performs four important functions i.e. providing new members of the society by reproduction, providing stability for adults through sexual gratification, providing for the stinting well being and educating the young to socialise into societys norms and values. Eustaces wondering and confusion could be viewed as hindering by the functionalists because it is affecting Mary who they expect to be active in the society both as a mother and a worker as it is the institute that will influence good behaviour of children.Functionalists believed that the family is a positive institution, a view that meets well with the needs of an advanced industrial society. The functionalists would view Eustaces confusion as costing the society in terms of wellness do for Mary and himself. Eustaces problems must be rectified in order to get Mary functioning well again and become productive in the society. Functionalists highlight the ideal family type in a modern society, as the nuclear family. The view of the nuclear family comprises of a breadwinner husband ( in the scenario this would be Desmond) and conditional wife and children. Mary cannot be classified as dependant as she is also working and earning.The functionalist view of the family as ideological is criticised as a conservative stance. Some feminists criticise this view as being unrealistic as it does not recognise the oppression of women in families. heretofo re, they defend the claim that the functionalist view of family sprightliness duration is shared by galore(postnominal) people, if not only as an aspiration. The nuclear family is infern as traditional and positive. Marxism states that the family is a product of capitalism and is therefore an exploitative institution. They argue that families are not built upon love but are founded from necessity. Women therefore become the property of men and all roles within families exist in order to maintain a capitalist state.There are two classes in the society according to Marxism. One is the ruling class and the other is the subject class. The Johnson family would be classified as a subject class and their employers like the garage owners where Desmond works would be the ruling class. This is opposed by functionalist who claims that there are many classes in society and points to a division of labour.Eustaces situation is also causing friction between Desmond (a father and mechanic) and M ary thereby threatening the institution of family. However a Marxist would hold a different view putting the blame on Mary being over worked and thereby causing her to be depressed. They highlight the lack of care from the employers who do not pay well enough keeping most of the profits to themselves prompting Mary to work desire hours.Desmond is said to be impatient with Eustace who he sees as stressing his wife at home while trying to do her job. This appears a functionalist view where Desmond is concerned about Mary being disrupted in doing her job hence not able to contribute to the income.Mary and Desmond might have moved to the UK in result to the big drive for workforce after the world war. They were promised better lives with luxurious facilities only to realise when they arrived in the UK that it was not the case and they had to work extremely potent to earn a living. Desmonds role would be to provide and Mary also performing this role as she also works. Caring for Eusta ce could be seen by Desmond as preventing Mary from performing the task expected within her role, a view that the feminists would regard as oppressive.Whilst various sociological school of thought tries to explain family slew and possible interventions that whitethorn assist families it is not adequate in itself. In this context I will now turn to psychological perspectives. The essay will examine psychological theories of behavioral approach, which developed through the works of Thorndike (trial and error learning), Pavlov (classical conditioning) and Skinner (operant conditioning) who all believed that the environment controlled behaviour.Behavioural theory is base on a scientific method (Banks, 2001. p. 73) and on what can be observed, studied, measured and reliably changed (Feltham, 1995 cited in Adams R, Dominelli L Payne M, 2002. p.144). It argues that internal states such as thoughts, intentions and feeling are not observable and replicable, hence are not open to scientif ic analysis, it aims to eradicate or reduce behaviours that are deemed problematic while positive behaviours are encouraged, an agreement between the service user and the practitioner through the process of positively reinforcing and rewarding consequences that a service user consider valuable. Payne (1997) in his token economies (Payne, 1997. p.133) argues that this helps reinforce and strengthen the desirable behaviour.This theory sees the behaviourist assuming that most behaviour is learned as a result of our interactions with our environment, including emotional development, lores of the external world, social behaviour and personality.Milner and OByrne (1998 p112) describes Classical conditioning occurring when there is an association of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus such that the former stir up a response previously elicited only by the afterwards. This was similar to Pavlovs (1911) conclusion in his famous Dog-Salivation-Experiment. If applied in this case study i t would first try to identify the original stimulus, in this case, the loss of a loved one Susan, the response, Eustaces confusion and Marys anxiety and low gear. Those associated with unpleasant or stressful feelings may become conditioned stimuli for feelings of anger and anxiety later on. (Birch A, 1997, p139).Another theory of behaviour Operant conditioning claims that learning occurs when voluntary behaviour arises from an individual and becomes more or less likely to be tell depending on its results as demonstrated by Skinner (1953) in his Skinner-Box-Experiments with a cat and a pigeon. In the Johnson family scenario, Mary is a service user with depression and anxiety which Milner and OByrne argues ABC Approach (Milner and O Byrne, 1998. p.114) is necessary in identifying and analysing the behaviour that needs modification in agreement with the service user. Mary has gone to see the doctor on her own accord and therefore there is an agreement. This would involve establishi ng the Antecedent (caring for her father and the family), and the consequences (depression and anxiety). The consequences will either strengthen or weaken behaviour by reinforcement or punishment (Payne, 1997. p. 114). In Marys case it is the depression and anxiety that is undesirable. The distinctive characteristic of operant conditioning relative to previous forms of behavioristic psychology is that the organism ( Mary) can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus (the practitioner). It is likely that Mary would respond positively if the right responses have been reinforced.Behaviourism models are advantageous due to their easy adaptability and practicability by inexperienced practitioners without extensive training than would be expected of a psychodynamic approach (Adams, R, Dominelli, L and Payne, M, 2002. p. 144) in facilitating an effective outcome. Payne (1997) also argues that the prescribed explicit, structured guidanceand assessment in struments employed (Payne, 1997. p. 134) gives unskilled practitioners the confidence to apply behavioural theory and procedures in interventions. My perception is that as behavioural intervention focuses on negative behaviour that needs modification, it is empowering the service user to choose and self determine the behaviours that need modification in partnership and therefore the practitioner is recognising and respecting individuality. The role of the practitioner is to facilitate and support the service user. Thus, labelling and making judgement on the service user is avoided and is then tell to the behaviour.Behavioural approaches have been criticised by some practitioners as being excessively mechanistic (Banks, 2001. p.73) and non-human (Payne, 1997. p.122) in some of its methods, conducts and terms used, as they do not take into account service user individuality and will to choose. It is true that Mary would be different from other service users who would have used the sa me theory. The behavioural approach overall intervention emphasis is on the need to change or modify the client behaviour rather than those around the client who may be the problem. In the case scenario it is probably Desmond who we need to convince that Mary and Eustace need his understanding and cooperation as well as dealing with the fact that the family were not offered support to grieve and move on with life after the death of aloved one. Milner and OByrne (1998) point out that social workers tend to do as they find easier to change an individual than challenge the status quo (Milner and OByrne, 1998.Attachment has been defined as an affectionate bond between two individuals that endures through space and time and serves to join them emotionally Kennell 1976.John Bowlby described attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers had an impact lasting t hroughout their lives. Adult attachment theory helps Social Workers understand how people feel and act within close relationships, particularly in stressful situations.Attachment is not different in adulthood and in childhood as they all will give and receive support. Attachment relationships can be secure or insecure.Attachment is clearly influential in both professional and personal settings. As a Social Worker well-read about the attachment theory can help to make the right steps in order to protect the child and the family.Mary Ainsworth expanded greatly on Bowlbys original work with behaviour experiment which she named Strange Situation. In the study children between 12 months and 18 months were left alone with a odd with the mother returning a moment later. The study revealed collar major styles of attachment secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant insecure attachment. A fourth one was later added on by researchers Main and Solomon called disorganised insecure-attachment.It is clear that Mary has a bond with her father and hence his condition is affecting her psychologically. The fact that Mary and Desmonds relationship seemed to be strained by having Eustace living with them shows that they are experiencing lack of intimacy support for one another.The scenario mentions the death of Susan in the family and appears that Eustace, Mary and the Kids have been affected. Loss through death is a normal part of life experienced by everyone. The grief process varies in length and this also depends on the strength of the attachment. This accomplishment is usually very painful as the affected seek to adjust or cope without their loved one. Collin, Murray-parkes (1972) describes bereavement as an illness, thus in turn prompted Mary to see her doctor for help. The Johnson family appears not to have gone through the grieving process. Eustace is showing a lack of interest in normal life by wondering and could be his way of searching for his w ife. The grieving process involves psychological suffering ( Birch, A ,1997 p251)Grief is defined as the process of psychological, social and somatic reactions to the perceptions of loss (Rando, 1984). This explains that the individual is affected mentally, physically as well as socially. Bereavement is defined as the state of having suffered a loss (Rando, 1984).According to Balwby excessive separation anxiety is usually the result of adverse family experiences, such as repeated threats of abandonment or rejections by parents, or to parents or siblings illnesses or death for which the child feels responsible. The truanting of the children could be a result of the feeling that they felt abandoned after the death of Susan who at one stage raised them for three years when their parents moved to the UK and could have bonded with the children. They have been living in the same house and this could have kept them close.A key principle of an attachment based practice is the acknowledgment that young children develop a range of adaptive strategies that are designed to help them cope with, survive and function in any(prenominal) situations they happen to find themselves, The children could be truanting as way of coping with the loss.As Eustace is wondering and possibly searching for his wife, it could be that he is thinking of joining her wife where ever she is. This brings Erikssons stages of development Integrity v Despair. Integrity is contentment with what you have achieved and Despair is the feeling that you have achieved nothing. As Eustace could be nearing the end of his life he will probably look back with integrity. He had his child who also got married and had her own family. He has lived for more than sixty years and although it does not look like he lived a porch life he was not homeless and up to this day still has a loving daughter taking care of him. Eustace will probably be looking forward to dying with contentment.Applying sociological and psychologic al theories as well as social work values has been a challenge for me considering my ethnic background of African origin as much as the Johnson family who travelled to settle in the UK, a country with different norms, cultures and values. I feel I empathise more with the Johnson family, in relation to the impact of new norms, culture and a new way of living.Studying social work has challenged some of my beliefs and prejudices and hence the toleration of others, provide recognition and ability to challenge discrimination. Adherence of work values have provided me with further understanding of being regardful of other peoples, views, religion, culture and preferences which is of paramount significance to become a social work practitioner. (GSCC 2002).

Aspects and benefits of Work Life Balance

Aspects and benefits of Work Life Balance1.0 INTRODUCTIONThis following thesis discusses with the puddle going smell relaxation of an organization. As it is to be explained in this analyze a acidify life balance is required in any organization. It is a vital panorama which some of the organizations do non consider and as a result they end up facing critical situations which could begin been easily prevented from happening. The reason is that whole the employees would get a proper balance in the midst of their persist and the prison term that they spend at home and family. This is very important because the satisfaction of an employee must be given high foregoingity. It is only when the employee is satisfied that his performance could reach to its maximum levels. When the production capacity of any employee in the organization increases, this would obviously increase the productiveness of the organization. Therefore this would lead to high sales and profits which would foster organizations to reach the optimum level possible.The essay in like manner talks close what is important to everywheresee people within the organization. There are explanations about how stress, empowerment, g both overnment regulations and employee of choice could help in the management of employees within the organization. There are also illustrations of how to devour oeuvre life balance within the organizations.So as told in a higher place the whole routine on an organization depends on the performance of the employees which most organizations dont belowstand. On continuing with this essay everything forget be explained in detail and how formulate life balance affects an organization.2.0 DISCUSSION2.1 HRM definedHuman Re root Management (HRM) is the pass within an organization that focuses on recruitment, management, and providing direction for the people who body of choke in the organization. Human Resource Management can also be performed by rail carria ge line managers. (Alexander, J. O. 2005)2.2.1 Work Life BalanceBefore look into it deep it is solely ways a question on what ply life is. It basically represents the gist of an individual balancing his life from work and family. In such situations it is believed that a somebody can perform to his/her expected level.Work life balance is not a difficulty to be solved it is an be intimate to be managed. Many people and organizations think of work life balance as a problem whereas it should be not. It is only a problem if one is not able to achieve it which in most cases happens simply also it basically tells a person that managing it depart always make him/her successful. (Luthans, 2008. P. 250)In the earlier mean solar days work was just done as a requirement and a part of endurance, so far now it is a form of plaque-to-face satisfaction and less as a kind of survival. One of the medium that help these employees reach their personal outgrowth and organizational success i s work-life balance. Work-life balance used in the right spirit whitethorn not only cause benefits to the employees, it may be a source through which the entire organization gains competitive advantage. Work-Life Balance is taking a bigger bite out of corporate profits than any new(prenominal) nookie line issue today. As a result, it provides the biggest and easiest upside opportunity to immediately affect on the businessAs employees of firms curb been bombarded with overload of work over the decades, as basen in the picture, the concept of work-life go out help organizations to hold their best employees. However, it should be remembered that Work-Life balance is not a problem to be solved it is an issue to be managed as told onward. Unfortunately most mangers are woefully unskilful to manage this issue for themselves, much less help others to manage it. During the course of this essay recommendations leave be provided to subjugate this fundamental problem.2.2.2 Benefits of work life balance for the organizationWhen organizations are able to create a work environment with work-life balance, there are umteen benefits to the organization. In such cases it can be pointed out that work life balance carries out some benefits. (Perrow, 2006, p.125)Retain lag- As told before with a proper strong giveed work life balance employees will be satisfied with whatever they are existence given with and will be willing to work more(prenominal). With self and work satisfied employees an organization can easily retain staff. This will reduce the cost of advertising, recruiting and training of unseasoned employeesTo improve team work and working bonds- Well satisfied employees will always look to work more and perform tasks that they are being delegate to. A work environment with work-life balance will enhance the working relationships surrounded by colleagues, improve morale and will encourage employees to show more go-ahead and teamwork.To increase level of production- With proper retained staff and team effort a higher production level can be achieved. This will help the organization to cater into mass marketing with mass level of production.2.2.3 Benefits of work life balance for the employeesIncrease in Job Satisfaction- Since the employees do not give up to worry about much of their other matter as a result of a well maintained work life balance they will be able to concentrate on their work which will eventually lead to job satisfaction. This will improve the quality of work which will also lead to better quality output.Decreasing stress and burn out- With proper work life balance being maintained it is obvious that stress is being reduced. As a result of reduction in stress performance of the employees will increase which will eventually benefit the organization.Collaboration- If work life balance is achieved employees will be much satisfied with the work, this will act a motivational factor. Then the employees will be able to work as a team and develop their skills. Therefore they will be benefited by adopting new skills and new techniques which will not only help them in their addresser but also their social life.2.3 Why is it important to manage peopleThink of the last time you heard statements like these Im the boss here, Just do the job I gave you, You need to do it my way How did you actually feel? Did you feel de-motivated to carry on with your work? Of course you will. Keeping the employees of the organization sharp and making sure that they are comfortable with their work surroundings is authoritative to the employees performance. And it is their performance that ultimately affects the organization as a whole. The words and the employers reaction, as well as the reactions of others, reflect coevalsal differences in the work. For example, if an employee is not happy with his/her boss, this might de-motivate the employee to perform. This de-motivation may rub off on other fellow employees. And ultimately when most of the employees of the department are de-motivated to work, it would result in the poor performance of the entire department. (Alexander, 2006, p.5-12)We have four different propagations working side-by-side in the workplace. Remember, if you are old enough, when cured workers were the bosses and younger workers did what was asked of them, no questions asked. There were definite rules as to how the boss was treated and how younger workers treated older workers. No considerableer Roles today are all over the place and the rules are being rewritten daily.Research indicates that people communicate based on their generational backgrounds. Each generation has distinct attitudes, behaviors, expectations, habits and motivational buttons. larn how to communicate with the different generations can eliminate many major confrontations and misunderstandings in the workplace and the world of business. (Hammil, 2005)There are four generations of employees, which are silents, baby boomers, generation xers and generation Ys. The table given below shows the generation timeline.Source http//www.fdu.edu/newspubs/magazine/05ws/generations.htmAs of today many of the employees included in the baby boomer generation is retiring or is expecting to retire. Thus the modern day workforce mostly consists of the Generation X Y. Generation X value education, parenting and independence more than work and they have developed varying skills and are more determined in meeting an employee that best suit their needs. Generation Y are those born between 1980 to the present. They are also called Millennias and Echo boomers. Generation Y has been defined as better educated, more tech-savvy, more achievement oriented, and better at problem figure out than boomers. (Henricks, 2007)The table given below shows the individuals his or her underlying values, or personal or lifestyle characteristics and how it corresponds with each generation.Source http//www.fdu.edu/newspub s/magazine/05ws/generations.htm2.3.1 Factors that affect the employees in the workplaceLooking at the factors that affect the employees in the workplaceStress Stress occurs when you exceed your ability to cope with pressure. It can be simply described as the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when there is a poor match between job demands and the capabilities and the resources of the employee. We know that wishing of control and autonomy, long hours, lack of job satisfaction and bullying can all cause stress. What cannot still be identified is how resilient an individual may be at manage with pressure. At present one cant predict the impact that exposure to a stressful environment will have on a person. It depends on genetic make-up. You could suffer mental failure or you could get a heart disease. Therefore overly stressed workers will only result in being a burden to the organization as performance commitment levels tend to decline, adding to the losses. (John , 2002, p.25).Empowerment Empowerment is the authority to make decisions within ones area of province without first having to get approval from some superior (luthans, 2008, p. 290).This is about the trust element between the employee and the manager that comes thorough flexible working and is very good to the organization. Freedom to work flexibly is one of the most powerful incentives to attracting and retaining staff. Since we all know that a flexible workforce is also a powerful frugal weapon because it helps safeguard against inflation. Indeed, the freedom to work flexibly if so desired is an essential tenet in the new psychological suffer between employers and employees. Surveys show it is one of the most powerful incentives for attracting and retaining staff. (Samson Daft, 2005, p.164)Government Regulations -These are simply laws made by the government to provide flexibility for working parents of small small fryren. Again this is crucial to maintain proper work life balance. The governments at present plan to preserve the notion in law regarding this matter. To avoid bitterness, employers will have to continue different incentives to all staff. The movement towards offering a new work-life balance is unstoppable, as it is what everyone wants. However it is a requirement that organizations together with individuals find the perfect balance, with cost commitments to sectors, work life. (kaufman, 2000, p.254)Employer of choice The primary objective of any business is (or should be) to create a high performance workplace. High performance workplaces are characterized by their creativity, innovation, flexibility and competitiveness. Workplaces where people choose to work and give freely of their energies and feel a sense of personal achievement, satisfaction, individual purpose and security, where there is synergy between personal missions and work challenges, and organizational achievement and where the workplace sense of companionship contrib utes to overall social cohesion. (Centro, 2009. P. 300)2.3.2 So what does Employer of Choice meanIn simple terms it fashion that people will choose to work for you and they willChoose to dedicate them to your success.Choose to stay with you, even when they are being courted by recruiters from otherEmployers recruiters with exceptionally attractive inducements.An employer of choice is one who inspires highly talented workers to join them and stay with them. (Herman Gloria, 2004, p.158).2.4 ASPECTS OF WORK LIFE BALANCE2.4.1 Job sharingJob sharing if we contemplate is a form of permanent half-time work, where the full time work is coordinately divided between two or more people, where each individual is given specific responsibilities and areas for the entire workload. It needs to be understood that a change from full-time to a job sharing arrangement doesnt mean that the perseverance of the employment is broken. (Jones, 2005, p.256)BenefitsIt increases co-operation and collabora tion between all staffsEnhance the experience and knowledge of each individual when the job is sharedEnable is better balance remunerative work persona, family, social and communityIf any employee is currently involved in any part time studies, this gives them the flexibility for them to complete their studies in a windy rate.Potential DisadvantagesJob sharing may also give rise toDuplication of work or conflicting decisions due to poor communication between the job sharersDisruption of work caused by the absence of a person working on a matter which needs to be completed that dayDifficulties renegotiating a job share arrangement if one job sharer entrustsThe need for additional communication mechanisms for job sharers and other staffSalary, superannuation and other entitlements being affected.Suggestions for overcoming potential problemsChose a job share partner who has a complimentary working style and one whom you communicate well.Job sharers and Managers should clarify the l ucubrate of the job share arrangements together, prior to the commencement of the job share arrangement. Factors to consider includeHow tasks will be dividedHow to hand overHow important decisions will be madeHow to watch over the Manager and other staff members informed about theseWhat will happen if one job sharer resignsStaff members are encouraged to outline these details in their flexible work proposal and Managers need to underwrite that they are clearly documented in the final concur arrangement.Plan well prior to the introduction of the job share arrangement. This is crucial to preventing many of the potential problems that may arise under this type of arrangement.2.4.2 Part time workPart-time work for professional staff members entails working less than the standard weekly or fortnightly hours, for which all entitlements are paid on a pro-rata basis. Types of the part-time work arrangements includeWeekly fraction working 0.5 on the basis of two and a half working days e ach weekFortnightly fraction three working days one week and two working days the next week within a pay period.Annual fraction working 0.5 time for the whole year but working six months full time and six months off.Converting from full-time work to part-time work for a defined period of time is also negotiable. This enables a phased return to work following extended or prolonged leave (eg. maternity or sick leave) or phased exit before retiring.BenefitsPart-time employees are better able to manage their working hours to suit their personal, family, social and community responsibilities and interests. For e.g.Having time to do well in their jobKeeping stress at an acceptable levelMaintaining a good balance between work and other aspects of lifeMeeting their family responsibilities.Employers have greater capacity for attracting and retaining high performing, innovative employees who might otherwise have difficulty in working full-time.Organizations that certify an appreciation of pa rt-time work and flexibility in assisting staff to manage work-life balance enjoy an enhanced public perception.Potential DisadvantagesSalary, superannuation and other entitlements may be affected by a reduction in working hours.There may be a need to cover load/hours when part-time employees are not working, especially for roles previously performed on a full-time basis.There is potential for overloading other staff members with work to cover load/hours when part-time workers are not working, especially for roles previously performed on a full-time basis.Suggestions for overcoming potential problemsBy planning well prior to the introduction of the flexible work arrangement, managers can ensure that when part-time staff members are not working, the work unit is adequately covered. Effective planning and clear communication amongst the parties concerned shall ensure that staff members are not burdened with an overload of work.2.4.3 Flexible timeFlexi-time is an arranged agreement bet ween a Manager and staff member in which they mutually agree to vary their staff members commencing, ceasing and meal break up times while still maintaining the total number of hours worked over a period. Another translation of flexi-time is when time off in lieu accrued when a staff member works longer than 7.35 hours per day or 36.75 hours per week. These accrued hours can be used to reduce the work hours during other days within the week/fortnight.Since 2006, record keeping requirements under theWorkplace Relations Act1996 require staff members, entitled to overtime or penalty rates, to record hours for worked in excess of their ordinary work hours.Flexi-time arrangements take into account the current and operational needs of the work area. This means that some positions or work areas will not be able to accommodate flexi-time.BenefitsFlexi-time enables the arrangement of working hours to suit personal or family commitments, specially staff with dependent children. For exampl e, by commencing work at a later time or finishing work at an earlier time enables many parents to drop their children off to crop in the mornings or pick them up in the afternoon.Accumulating additional hours then having long stretches of time off work allows employees to more effectively pursue broader career/personal/social and community responsibilities and interests.Employees who are better able to manage their work-life balance more effectively are more likely to have high staff morale, greater employee satisfaction and work commitment resulting in a more enriched working environment and a correspondingly more vibrant, creative and productive workforce.Potential DisadvantagesFlexi-time arrangements may mean there are inadequate staff levels at some times.Staffs are required to keep detailed records of flexi-time, which is resource intensive and time-consuming.Suggestions for overcoming potential problemsGood planning prior to the introduction of the flexi work arrangements is crucial to preventing many of the potential problems that may arise under this type of arrangement.2.4.4Pre Retirement contractsA pre-retirement contract is a fixed-term contract entered into by the University and a staff member seeking to retire at a contract future time (usually in between 1-5 years time). Professional and donnish staff who are eligible for consideration of a pre-retirement contract includes staff who haveTenured or continuing employment with the companyReached 55 years of age and will retire at the expiry of the pre-employment contract.BenefitsFor the staff memberA pre-retirement contract allows a staff member to plan for the future by giving guaranteed employment for the duration of the contract.Employees receive a 10% loading above normal salary which is bonus.The contract period provides the work unit time for succession planning.Conversion to a pre-retirement contract can also be feature with part-time employment, enabling employees to enjoy the benefits of retirement while at the same time undertaking paid work.For the CompanyPre-retirement contracts provide job opportunities for other employees.The contract period allows the Company to know when a staff member will retire provides certainty for forward/succession planning.2.4.5 Work from homeProfessional and academic staff members may work from homeFor a specified period of timeFor a specific projectUnder certain conditions provided the arrangement is both(prenominal) appropriate and practicable.Approval for a home based work arrangement is therefore considered on a case to case basis, having regard to the nature and requirements of the work, including occupational Health and Safety requirements.Work duties that involve ahigh level of autonomy and independenceare more appropriate for home based work arrangements and includeProject workReport writingPolicy development and analysisComputer design and programmingDuties that do not require fuddled supervision or contact with other s taff, students and public relationsA degree of computer literacy to facilitate independent work from homeMinimal fashion of files and other resources located in the office.The type ofequipmentrequired for undertaking home based work may includeA computer with disc drives, a USB port or Ethernet connection for transferring work done at home to the officeSwitching work phone through to the home computer or home phoneHaving access to University databases and networks on the home computerThe provision of a telephone answering service, fax machine or mobile phone.Benefits work from home can result inThe ability to concentrate on a primary projectLess time spent travelling to and from workReduced child care costsMore time with the children and family.Potential DifficultiesWorking from home may also facilitatePractical difficulties in organization equipment required by the employee to undertake home based workPotential risks/hazards at homeDistractions resulting in an inability to work a s effectively and expeditiously as an equivalent staff member on campusFeelings of isolationLack of access tostaff development opportunitiesand workplace information.Suggestions for overcoming potential problemsGood planning prior to the introduction of the home based work arrangement is crucial to preventing many of the potential problems that may arise under this type of arrangement. The University provides information for Managers, including steps to be followed innegotiating flexible work arrangementsand a checklist to assist with this process.2.4.6 Paternity LeaveProviding services such as paternity leave, child care and elder care will further develop the employee relationship with the Organization. Hence, increasing the balance of work and family. All parentswith children under the age of 8in the case of a child with disabilities the age limit is 16are entitled to up to 14 weeks Parental Leave2.4.7 Compassionate or Emergency LeaveMost employers tell apart the need for leave i n urgency situations. Arrangements vary from organization to organization and are frequently informal.Many employees prefer the need for leave in emergency situations or unavoidable circumstances however arrangement may vary for company to company. However if the company is practicing work life balance they will be able to provide leave to that individual and sharing the work among the employees.2.4.8 Term-Time WorkingThis system means that the employee works during school terms but not during the school holidays. It appeals, in particular, to parents of school going children.Employment or career breakAt certain stages in working life a break may be needed, for example to devote more time to other things or for personal development reasons. The facilitating of such breaks can assist in retaining valued staff. A growing number of organizations provide such breaks on either a formal or less structured basis.SabbaticalsThis is a period of absence from work, which may or may not be on full pay, and duration is normally related to length of service. They provide an opportunity for employees to take a break from or reflect on their work, or engage in new activities.Exam and Study LeaveWhen an employee is pursuing further education (this may or may not be job-related), an organization may provide paid leave for the purposes of study and to enable the employee to sit exams. In the case of workers under 18, this may be mandatory as set out in theEducation (Welfare) Act (2000).2.4.9 E-WorkingThe concept of e-Working involves working at a distance, not face to face using the technology to ease communications. Through the state of the art technology such as video conferring and Skype for e.g., communication has been made simple and just about everywhere and anytime.It is well suited to performing information technology tasks and works well in certain situations where the employee has a high degree of autonomy, e.g. Architecture, journalism. Difficulties to be overcome ca n include issues of control, lack of face to face contact and consistency of service provision.2.4.10 Virtual TeamsVirtual development includes where forming teams of e-workers to work in a mutually supportive way. The team members may not work together or in fact stay in the same country however via the internet the communication is made effectively. This form of teamwork may be suitable in certain situations but the lack of personal interaction and human contact will render it inappropriate in situations where these factors are considered important.2.5 Benefits of work life balance in work placesWork life balance and practices can bring benefits in direct and in direct form to employees, employers and as a whole to the organization. The benefits that come into the organization due to the practices of such strategy would be tangible and quantifiable than other, where they contribute to the organizations gain in the long run.When organizations are able to create a work environment with work life balance, there are many benefits to the organization which could be priceless.2.5.1 ImageAn organization that implements such strategy would be a most preferred work place by employees, more over this would create an image for the organization as an entity that emphasizes on their employees satisfaction and well look into the needs of their and satisfy them where as ensuring that organizational goals are been archived. As a whole the organization would have an image in the society as a workers most preferred organization.2.5.2 Increase in productivityMany researchers have been proved that the best motivation a human can get is not when he is benefited only in monetary terms, where as the person would get motivated and satisfied when his basic and essentials needs are accepted and satisfied. Thus work life balance provides a ground for such practices for the in a organization. Where flexi work hours are encouraged according to the employees situation, telecommuting, j ob sharing and maternity leaves etc. therefore the employee would feel that his basic and essential needs are been recognized and been addressed and due to the above mentioned methods they could perform their task from homes or flexi working hours where they could address their personal needs and do along with the organizational demand. This would bring blast the stress level of employees by not loading everything in one time and as a whole would increase the productivity of the employees in the long run.2.5.3 Retention of current employee ratesWhen such practices are been exercised in an organizations and where employees are been looked after well where by addressing their issues in a more effective way the employee retention level would be on a positive note. This would reduce the burden on the organization looking for new employees, the cost associated with hiring new employees is comparatively high in contrast to the real world where the organization has to incur cost such as a dvertising and recruitment and training which would be a timely process with high levels of cost involvedA work environment with work-life balance will enhance the working relationships between colleagues, improve morale and will encourage employees to show more initiative and teamwork. Therefore, it will increase the levels of production and job satisfaction by decreasing stress and burn-out2.6 World grad examples of successful organizations which has practiced Work Life Balance2.6.1 How Google Inc. helps its employees to balance work-lifeGoogle as one of the top 10 best companies in the world as a motivation technique (usually called Innovation Time Off), all Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time (one day per week) on projects that interest the. The nicety at Google Inc. have helped its employees to do what they like to do and thereby reduces their job related stress levels.In an effort to maintain the companys unique flexible work culture, Google has d esignated a Chief Culture Officer in 2006, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources and the purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on in the beginning-a flat organization with a cooperative environment in order to help the employees to perform well in their jobs by balancing their work-life.Here are some things you might find in a Google workspaceBicycles for efficient travel between meetings, dogs, lava lamps, and massage chairs.Googlers sharing cubes, yurts, and huddle rooms (few single offices) with three or four team members.Laptops in every employees hand (or bike basket), for mobile coding and note-taking.Pool tables, volleyball courts, assorted video games, pianos, ping pong tables, lap pools, gyms that include yoga and dance classes.Grassroots employee organizations of all kinds, such as meditation classes, film clubs, wine tasting groups, and salsa d ance clubs.Healthy lunches and dinners for all staff at a wide variety of cafs, and outdoor(a) seating for sunshine brainstorming.Snack rooms packed with various snacks and drinks to keep Googlers going throughout the day.These have helped the employees of Google Inc to balance their work-life so, that they could do more innovative, creative things.2.6.2 How cisco Systems helps its employees to balance work-lifeAs one of the top 10 companies of the world sustainable work performance based on employee satisfaction is critical to Ciscos success. Accordingly, their managers are trained and encouraged to make sure employees can successfully balance their work and personal lives. Cisco has a tradition of offeri

Switzerland and the European Union Essays -- switzerland, republic, ca

Officially known as the Swiss Confederation, Switzerland is a federal parliamentary republic comprised of 26 cantons, which represent four languages and a population of just over eight million . Switzerland is well known for its small landmass yet high standard of living, as well as its banking system and adherence to traditional Swiss culture. While the state is autonomous, it is a part of the Schengen Area unlike all EU members, and remains outside of the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA), as it became the sole EFTA member to reject membership by referendum in 1992 . Despite this, Switzerland maintains a staunch economic traffichip with members of the EU through a series of bilateral agreements involving trade, free movement of people, agriculture and taxation among others. These provisions between countries provide an increasingly dependent European continent characterized by trade agreements, free movement of Swiss-EU citizens and a single European mark et.A recent referendum against mass immigration has passed through Switzerlands direct democracy by a majority of just 50.3% , effectively nullifying the bilateral agreements that were reached with the EU in 1999. The referendum is binding in Switzerland and requires the Swiss Federal Council to originate legislation within three years of the vote. As a result, officials within the EU have voiced their regrets regarding the outcome of the ballot, and are carefully considering re-evaluating their relations with Switzerland. The issue of Switzerlands proposed cap on immigration is a very recent matter, and the results of the referendum will likely be a catalyst for changes in EU policies. This paper will examine steps that the European Union cou... ...immigration. Le Temps, September 2011. Ryser, Monique. Bilateral Agreements Switzerland-EU. Edited by Integration Office FDFA/FDEA. Bern, Switzerland Department of remote Affairs FDFA, 2009. Schwok, Ren. Switzerland - European Union An Impossible Membership? Brussels European Interuniversity Press, 2009. Taylor, Paul, and Richard Mably. Switzerland Cant Have It Both Ways on Migration EUs Barroso. Reuters (Brussels), February 12, 2014. Accessed March 2014. http//www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/12/us-eurozone-summit-switzerland-idUSBREA1B0FG20140212. wire staff and agencies. France ready to roll out the red carpet for British exit from EU. The Telegraph (England), January 23, 2013. Accessed March 2014. http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9820327/France-ready-to-roll-out-the-red-carpet-for-British-exit-from-EU.html.